AIDS is an infectious disease characterized by compromising the body's defense cells, is caused by HIV, a retrovirus that affects 36.90 million people worldwide, its main means of transmission is unprotected sexual intercourse. In its viral multiplication process, HIV requires protease, integrase and reverse transcriptase which are important enzymes in the process. Many therapeutic alternatives in the anti-HIV treatment are in the inhibition of these enzymes, in the attempt to close the process of viral multiplication. The use of natural products in anti-HIV research has been increasing. The aim of this research was to carry out chemoinformatic studies using cytotoxicity risk prediction tools; prediction of absorption and molecular docking of natural products found in the database of chemical structures (ChemBL) and literature. Thus it was possible to evaluate the interactions with the targets, also the analysis of some pharmacokinetic and cytotoxicological properties important for the study. We used 243 natural products and 18 drugs already used in anti-HIV treatment. All molecules had their 3D structures optimized by the methods of mechanical molecules (MM +) and Semi-empirical methods (AM1) (RMS 0.1 kcal / Å.mol in 600 cycles) through HyperChemTM 8.0 software. Structures were imported into the software OSIRIS DataWarrior 4.3.7 for prediction of cytotoxicity risks and absorption rate was calculated based on TPSA. Finally, molecular docking was performed using the software Molegro Virtual Docker 6.0 to calculate the energies of interaction with the protease receptors (PDB ID: 1OHR; reverse transcriptase PDB ID: 1REV and integrase (PDB ID: 3WNH). Of the 243 molecules of natural products with anti-HIV activity, 29 were promising for lack of cytotoxicity (mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, skin irritability and reproductive system effect), better MolDockScore energies for all targets studied simultaneously by varying the interaction energies ligand-receptor from -192.23kJ.mol-1 to -62.74kJ.mol-1 and absorption rate (% ABS) between 42.90% and 88.06%.

People all around the world are using plants directly or indirectly to treat symptoms or illnesses. It is beneficial, if used in a conscious and controlled way. Among the plants of therapeutic potential, Baccharis trimera, popularly known as carqueja and belonging to the family Asteraceae, stands out for having several proven pharmacotherapeutic properties, specially in the treatment of liver problems and problems related to digestion. The present work has the objective of describing the chemical properties, pharmacological and toxicological effects of Baccharis trimera. For the accomplishment of the bibliographic research the databases Scielo, Lilacs and VHL.The most abundant secondary metabolites of the genus Baccharis are flavonoids and terpenes, which confer several pharmacological attributes to the plant, specially antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory , antimicrobial and antiparasitic. However, there are also contraindications of the vegetable. Due to the abortive effect, the plant should not be consumed during gestation or lactation periods and, because of the hypotensive property, its consumption by hypotensive people is not recommended. Like other vegetables, the carqueja has benefits and harms. Therefore, before consuming plants and derivatives, one must be aware of its chemical properties and pharmacological effects, being necessary the orientation by a qualified professional to ensure a responsible and beneficial use.

Lophirone C is a lignan with several pharmacological activities reported such as anticarcinogenicity and antioxidation activities. The bark of Lophira spp contains that lignan. Due to those important properties, the purpose of this work is the organic and enzymatic synthesis of Lophirone C. Starting from the methylation of resorcinol with methyl iodide using potassium carbonate as base, the product was acylated by a mixture of acetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid, so providing the acetophene. Following step was the aldol condensation of this ketone with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, using ethanol as solvent and potassium tert-butoxide as base. With the chalcone formed, the deprotection of the phenolic hydroxyls and subsequent oxidative coupling provides the final product with synthetic Lophirone C.

Introduction: The use of phytotherapic medicines is widely used, mainly as a complementary medication for patients with chronic diseases. Studies on Ginkgo biloba extract shows relevant pharmacological activities to the treatment on Alzheimer's disease, memory deficit, depression, and promising effects on cognitive functions in clinical studies. As a result, research about the interaction of Ginkgo biloba with other medicinal products has been increasing, as this may interfere with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several drugs, and may have serious consequences for the patient. Objective: The objective of this study is to show interactions of Ginkgo biloba with other drugs and their influence on their physiological action. Methodology: This abstract is a review that aims to collect and combine information about the interactions of Ginkgo biloba with other drugs, using bibliographic data. Results and Discussion: Studies show that administration of Ginkgo biloba combined with anticonvulsants tends to decrease the action of these drugs. Combined with antidepressants (as monoamine oxidase inhibitors) it intensifies the pharmacological action of the drug and also the side effect, such as headache, tremors and maniac outbreak. When using Ginkgo biloba with Sertraline it is reported that it may cause increased heart rate, excessive sweating, hyperthermia, muscle stiffness and agitation. The use of Ginkgo biloba with Omeprazole lower the plasma concentration of this drug, and consequently, its therapeutic effect. Conclusion: Proper use of some herbal supplements is perfectly safe and can cause benefits, but their indiscriminate or excessive use can be dangerous. With all of the above being said, the concomitant use of phytotherapic medicines such as Ginkgo biloba based combined with other drugs should be appropriately monitored.

L-theanine is a non-protein amino acid, derived from L-glutamic acid, commonly found in the plant Camellia sinensis and contains bioactive substances, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. This amino acid can be obtained by chemical synthesis or tea isolation. It was commercially developed due to its promising effects of promoting relaxation and feeling of well-being. In oral administration, L-theanine is absorbed through the intestinal tract and, soon a large amount in the blood flows to the brain through the blood-brain barrier. Theanine (C₇H₁₄N₂O₃) is metabolised in the kidneys to glutamic acid and ethylamine. Its main targets are glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine and serotonin, impacting to a certain extent on neurochemical levels. According to studies, after 15 minutes of oral administration of 200mg, brain activity is influenced by the stimulation of alpha wave production. This form of administration can help anxious people to concentrate in their daily tasks and the continuous intake can increase brain levels of dopamine and GABA, explaining the feeling of relaxation. The action of L-theanine also suggests that it may cause a modulation of the effects of caffeine and thereby lower cortisol levels. This review intends to analyze the effects of L-theanine and its interaction with the central nervous system, relating it to anxiolytic effects and decrease of stress levels, in order to confirm a pattern of change between physiological indices after ingestion.

ABSTRACT

Diabetes Mellitus is a disorder characterized by an abnormality in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, considerably increasing blood glucose levels. The classification of DM is made according to etiological factors, being the most well-known type 1 DM, of autoimmune origin, and type 2 DM, a complex multifactorial disorder, caused by the combination of several factors and characterized by the peripheral resistance to insulin. Many species of plants have been used ethnopharmacologically or experimentally to treat the symptoms of diabetes mellitus, among them the leaves of averrhoa carambola. Averrhoa carambola, a plant species popularly known as carambola, is probably native to Sri Lanka, although it has been cultivated for centuries in Southwest Asia and Malaysia, being introduced in Brazil in 1817, and its leaves used for producing teas, indicated in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes is a global health emergency in the 21st century, since each year more people live with this condition, which can lead to complications and irreversible damage throughout life. So, this work has as its purpose to review the literature on the hypoglycemic effect of teas produced from leaves of averrhoa carambola.

In recent decades there has been a constant growth in the search for alternative treatments and in the therapeutic use of natural products, which combine efficacy and reduce of adverse effects. Phytotherapy stands out in the treatment of psychiatric disorders because its efficacy is proven through herbal preparations, emphasizing Hypericum perforatum (HP). Latter is a plant of the family Hypericaceae, perennial herbaceous from temperate regions of Europe, Asia and Africa, and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat and prevent various diseases due to its nefroprotective effects, antioxidant, antifungal, anxiolytic, antidepressants, antiviral, healing, and help with sleep disorders. At present, it is a great source of studies for the scientific community, as a result of the large amount of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds present in it. Among the pharmacological activities that the plant has, the antidepressant action owing to the variety of bioactive compounds, hypericin (responsible for the inhibition of the enzyme monoamine oxidase - MAO), hyperforin (capable of inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline , GABA and L-glutamate) and flavonoids the main responsible for this action, which also favor the reduction of the degradation and increase the sensitization of neurochemical substances, as well as the enhance of the binding to several receptors, also demonstrating greater effectiveness when compared to the placebo effect.

Introduction: The inflammatory process is one of the main means of protection of innate immunity, and this response only occurs when there is some injury, being of physical, chemical and biological causes. Inflammation has as main signals vasodilation, increases the permeability of the capillaries, allowing fluid to flow into the interstitial space, coagulation of the fluid in the interstitial space by the presence of large amounts of coagulation proteins, migration of leukocytes to tissues, and end products, their end products histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins and bradykinin. Zingiber officinale Roscoe popularly known as ginger, has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as muscle aches, fever, sore throats, indigestion and vomiting. The objective of this work was to address the anti-inflammatory effects of the Zingiber officinale Roscoe plant. Methodology: Given the above, the present work is a review that aims to report articles that address the anti-inflammatory effects of the plant Zingiber officinale Roscoe, using bibliographic data. Results and Discussion: Anti-inflammatory drugs have the function of preventing this cascade of reactions, being steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (AIEs), phospholipase A2 inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cyclooxygenase inhibitors -1 and COX-2). Because these drugs have a number of adverse effects, some studies have shown the anti-inflammatory effect of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, popularly known as Ginger, where its main components, gingerols and shogaols, can inhibit the synthesis of several proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6), chemokines, and inhibited the action of prostaglandins and the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In addition, ginger components have been shown to be more effective than conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with fewer side effects. Conclusion: Through the results obtained it has been demonstrated that Zingiber officinale Roscoe possesses a high anti- inflammatory.

The National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance (Anvisa) defines honey as being the natural product produced by bees from flower nectar and/or saccharin exudates of plants. The chemical composition of honey includes sugars, vitamins, minerals, and compounds from secondary metabolism, such as terpenoids and phenolics. The nutritional and medicinal potential of honey make it widely appreciated and commercially exploited. According to Anvisa, the addition of any substance to honey is prohibited, turning the honey into an adulterated product. Thus, the physicochemical analysis is required to ensure the quality of the product. In the present study, five commercial honey samples produced in the Brejo region of Paraíba (Brazil) were analyzed in order to verify possible adulteration or handling problems during product storage or transportation. The Fiehe reaction was performed in order to verify the presence of substances produced by overheating. Lugol reaction was carried out to investigate addition of starch and dextrins, and Lund reaction was performed to verify the level of albuminoid or precipitable substances. Among the samples analyzed, samples II and V showed a positive result in the reaction of Fiehe, indicating the presence of hydroxymethylfurfural, resulting from the degradation of sugars in acidic conditions, mainly when the honey is heated, which can occur during transport or storage. Sample V also presented evidences of adulteration in the Lund and Lugol reactions. Unadulterated honeys promoted the formation of precipitates during the Lund reaction. In sample V the absence of precipitate was observed, which indicates an adulteration/dilution. Sample V also showed evidence of starch addition in the Lugol reaction. The results indicated adulteration in sample V analyzed and heating problems in sample II. The present work emphasizes the continuous need of physical-chemical evaluation to guarantee the quality of these commercial products.