1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

This study focuses on a public land called Back Drainage Space (BDS), which is a space for drainage along the rear lot line of a city block in the Central Business District of Yangon, Myanmar, a former British colonial city built in the mid-19th century. Surrounded by housing complexes and with sewage pipes running under them, BDS is a space that is closely related to people's lives, however residents are prohibited to use it. BDS is a space with public nature that has significance as a "medium" that connects the people who live around it. Hannah Arendt likened the notion of public to the relationship between a table and the people who sit around it, and described the ambiguity of the table as both "bringing people together" and "separating" them. BDS which lie between the buildings is compared to the table and people with different positions exchange their opinions over the table and through this, public is formed. This will promote the fostering of the community by the local residents and sustaining BDS through its use will lead to the development of a city that retains uniqueness. This study aims to clarify its formative process and actual situation to demonstrate the significance and role of BDS.

The country faces various issues which are deeply connected to its colonial history followed by a half-century of military dictatorship, but after the transition to civilian rule in 2011 until the 2021 coup, the country experienced rapid development without enough time to reflect. The discussion should involve not only the policy makers, elites, and outside experts, but also ordinary citizens and basic urban facilities such as BDS need to be updated as it holds the potential to shape the city through the participation of the people. BDS described as “by-product space of planning” is not explained by the definition of existing spatial forms. Its ambiguous nature implies a role as a vacant urban lot that can respond flexibly to the changing needs of the society.

1. SURVEY AND ANALYSIS

In addition to the literature reviews and historical and spatial analysis of the subject, a series of surveys, interviews and FGDs were conducted. The survey of 115 BDSs revealed that the residents use BDS as places of everyday life and socializing, it is called [spontaneous communalization]. Disequilibrium, i.e., garbage dump situation, was observed in certain areas due to the neglect and natural deterioration and the space improvement project (PJ) was conducted by an external organization. The survey clarified the changes, effects, and issues brought by this [systematic communalization].

The survey of [local residents before and after the PJ] verified the appropriateness, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability of the BDS. The survey on [the roles of the government and residents' organizations involved in the implementation and operation of the PJ] revealed that existing residents' organizations were at the core of the PJ, and active exchange of opinions on the use and operation of BDS indicated that communication was encouraged through BDS. The survey on [post-PJ progress targeting concerned parties] revealed that various opinions and issues related to BDS were visualized, shared and discussed among the parties for the first time through BDS, and that this created an opportunity for them to start working toward a solution. And the survey on [ripple effects of the PJ] revealed that other organizations were triggered by the PJ which indicates the various potential of BDS as an important urban asset.

Based on the above analysis, six issues common to BDS were identified, namely safety, hygiene, amenity, crime prevention, management system and citizen participation. The study also pointed out that both external organizations and existing residents' self-governing organizations were "intermediaries" that played an important role in improving BDS. Formalization of the space and the relationship contributed in addressing community issues that transcend individual concerns.

1. CONCLUSION

The intervention by the external organization identified as [systematic communalization] and its confrontation and reconciliation with the existing local culture [spontaneous communalization] was examined. The public nature of BDS was discussed; 1) BDS served as a medium to encourage people's involvement, as shown in the cases of [spontaneous] and [systematic] communalization; 2) through the exchange of opinions among the concerned parties, individual problems became shared issues to be discussed among stakeholders; 3) communication was promoted and transition occurred from individual to community involvement; 4) the existing residents' self-governing body became the core for the implementation and operation of the PJ, and its role as an "intermediary group" between the inside (residents) and outside (government, etc.) was formalized, and the outline of an autonomous community began to emerge.

Based on the phenomenon manifested in BDS – spontaneity, informality, formalization, and intermediary existence, this research demonstrated that the ambiguity of the "by-product space of planning" allows for diverse communalization, and that public nature is formed by engaging the people through this “opened” space.

Approximately 1.75 million species of organisms exist on the earth. In recent years, however, this biodiversity has been lost due to environmental destruction caused by humans and other factors, and many wild creatures around the world are in danger of extinction. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve biodiversity in the future.

In this study, focusing on Ishikawa Prefecture, the analysis can be conducted with the aim of understanding the actual state of biodiversity loss. Using the natural environment survey conducted by the Ministry of the Environment's Biodiversity Center, the relationship between land use patterns, human activities, and the distribution of organisms can be analyzed, and the impact of human activities on the habitats of each species can be clarified.

This study analyzes human activities based on population distribution, land prices, and land use patterns in Ishikawa Prefecture, and evaluates population and human activities.

Furthermore, the distribution of each species inhabiting Ishikawa Prefecture can be clarified, and the relationship with population and human activities can be analyzed.

In addition, for each species of interest, an analysis of the relationship between the population and the number of species for each mesh will be performed.

While some species, such as birds, mammals, butterflies, and moths, have seen limited increases and decreases in the number of species, amphibians, reptiles, dragonflies, cicadas, and beetles have increased over a wide range.

A positive correlation was observed between population and the number of species of birds, dragonflies, cicadas, beetles, amphibians and reptiles, confirming a relationship between population and habitat. No correlation was found between population and the number of species of mammals, butterflies, and moths, confirming that there is no relationship between population and habitat.

In the future, environmental factors such as global warming and meteorological conditions, biological factors such as vegetation, pollution and alien species should be considered as factors that affect the habitat of organisms.

In 2015, the number of visitors to Ishikawa Prefecture as a whole increased significantly due to factors such as the starting operation of Hokuriku Shinkansen in Kanazawa. The number of tourists continued to increase significantly from the level before the opening of Hokuriku Shinkansen. However, the worldwide spread of the new coronavirus in 2020 dealt a severe blow to the tourism industry in Ishikawa Prefecture, and the number of visitors declined significantly. However, according to a survey conducted by Japan Travel Bureau Foundation, demand for travel is expected to recover after the outbreak of the new coronavirus is under control. Against this background, increasing the number of new and repeat tourists to Ishikawa Prefecture by improving tourist satisfaction is important for the recovery of travel demand after the outbreak of the new coronavirus is under control and for the continuation of the effect of Hokuriku Shinkansen. In order to improve tourist satisfaction, it is necessary to enhance and strengthen secondary transportation. This study aims to improve tourist satisfaction by conducting a questionnaire survey at Kanazawa Station to understand the characteristics of tourist behavior in Ishikawa Prefecture and to apply the results to transportation policy. As a result, most of the respondents visited Ishikawa Prefecture only with overnight stay. In addition, satisfaction with the transportation system in Ishikawa Prefecture is low. In particular, many respondents were dissatisfied with the bus route map. Future work is needed to develop a model of sightseeing behavior in Ishikawa Prefecture that takes into account the touring behavior of each demographic group.

The tourism industry is attracting attention as a powerful means of regional revitalization, and the needs and impressions of actual tourists are very important in developing the tourism industry. In this study, using review posted on Japanese travel information websites, features and impressions of tourist spots held by actual tourists were quantitatively identified by text mining. The target regions for quantifying the features and impressions of tourist attractions held by actual tourists were Hakui, Kaga, and Wajima, which are cities in Ishikawa Prefecture that differ in the analysis of regional features. In this study, reviews posted to tourist spots in each region were collected by scraping using Jalan.net, one of the leading travel reservation sites in the field of domestic travel in Japan. Text mining of the collected word-of-mouth data was used to understand the features and impressions of tourist attractions in each region held by actual tourists. In order to conduct text mining, morphological analysis was conducted on all word-of-mouth data using KHCoder. Using this review data, the features of the actual tourist attractions in the three regions were calculated by selecting 15 nouns from the extracted nouns in each region in descending order of the number of extracted nouns. The impressions of tourist attractions in each region were obtained by selecting three representative nouns from the extracted nouns and calculating the adjectives and adjectival verbs that are strongly related to these nouns. The selected nouns reflect the features of the tourist spots in the region, and the impressions are the general impressions of the selected nouns. This suggests that it is possible to quantify the regional features and impressions of tourist spots held by actual tourists from review.

In 1997, a 39-floor reinforced concrete building was constructed in Bangkok, Thailand. During construction, the rooftop was modified, which led to additional loads. This required unusual design details to retrofit the building to provide the necessary structural support. In particular, two concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) were installed, extending from the ground up to the 37^th floor (FL). While the CFSTs were being built, construction of the upper floors continued. Provisions were made to transfer the loads to the CFSTs when they were completed. Despite careful provisions to align the CFSTs and balance the loads, there were concerns regarding the transfer of loads. A displacement monitoring system was designed and installed to measure static displacements. The data show that total displacements at the 37^th FL for the north and south CFSTs are 18.42 mm and 20.47 mm, respectively, which are similar to 11%, and are within the requirements of compression members in the code consulted, New Zealand Stand NZS 3404: 1992, which allows vertical deflections between connection points of less than 1/1,000 of length, which in this case equals 126.65 mm. The CFSTs were monitored by the displacement monitoring system to control verticality and displacements, and to balance loads during construction. The transfer of the additional loads from the rooftop to the CFSTs was successful. The building was opened in 1998.

Due to global warming, meteorological disasters, such as typhoons increasing scale and frequency, heavy rain, heavy snow, and drought, heat waves and cold waves have been becoming severer. Furthermore, in Japan, the damage caused by Tokyo metropolitan inland earthquake and that by a gigantic earthquake along the Nankai Trough, both of which have been threatened for a long time, are expected to be "national critical disasters" that will affect the survival of the country. While, considering the current financial situation, and social characteristics of declining birthrate and population, and aging society, it can be said that efforts to deal with future mega-disasters will be “an all-out effort on the way to be poorer.” Moreover, as it is difficult to recover and reconstruct only by post-disaster countermeasures, it is essential to implement risk reduction measures using effectively the time until a hazard strikes, such as strengthening vulnerable buildings and facilities and guiding the population from areas with high disaster risk to those with low disaster risk.

In my talk, lessons learned from the recent disasters in Japan, such as the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster and the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake disaster, and how disaster countermeasures should be in Japan in the future will be introduced.

The climate change impact on flow regimes in the different physiographic regions (Low-lying plain areas, Middle Mountains, and High Himalayas) of the Koshi River Basin, Nepal was studied using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). This study analyses the climate projections of climate variables from the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) from 2015 to 2100 with four climate models (BCC, CANESM-CCCma, CNRMCM-CERFACS, and IPSL) under two shared socio-economic pathways (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5). The SWAT model was first calibrated (1985-2006) and validated (2009-2012) at a daily timescale for simulation of streamflow in every physiographic region of the Koshi River Basin. The flow is also analyzed based upon the magnitude, intensity, and duration flow parameters. The results show that the GCM-specific changes in the climate variables also have an impact on the regional and seasonal scales. The projection showed a wider range of deviation with respect to the baseline, predominantly increasing heavy rainfall in the Middle Mountains and High Himalayas region of the basin. The summer rainfall and winter temperature of the basin expect to increase more than 20% which indicates the risk of extreme climate events in the future. The SWAT model predicted an annual increase in streamflow by 19% and 60% under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, respectively. Also, climate change is expected to increase the maximum monthly streamflow, especially from June-September with the potential of extreme flow events in the Koshi River Basin. The predicted high and moderate rise in streamflow under SSP5-8.5 suggests the need for an adaptation plan and mitigation strategies in the basin.

Fiber Reinforcement Polymers (FRPs) has been widely used in strengthening of concrete structures. The potential interest on FRPs have been risen remarkably worldwide due to many reasons such as cost effectiveness and easy usage. Therefore, this study conducts a scientometric review of global research published between 2000 and 2023 on FRP concrete strengthening. This study collected vast bibliometric data from Scopus data base and conducted a scientometric review on concrete strengthening using FRPs. Scientometric analysis is used to determine the current state of research by analyzing bibliometric data and identify related publication areas, sources with most publications, frequently used keywords, top contributed authors and countries that have made the greatest contribution to the filed using FRP concrete strengthening. Moreover, most active research areas are discussed in this study. The scientometric review will enable to identify the most trending research arears in this area and scholars form diverse countries to exchange novel ideas and knowledge and experience. This study will allow to build new collaborations and joint ventures who are working in this research area in in different regions.

1. Introduction

Post installed rebar working was a complex task. The reinforced concrete structures to become weak with the flow of time mainly according to the deterioration of their strength and serviceability so that to increase the strength, stiffness, adaptability, retrofitting of the existing structure for post installed rebar work is one of the alternative solutions without demolishing and the whole structure. And one of the best solutions to meet fastening forces between concrete and steel was chemical adhesive [1]. Due to the developing of the technology, in adhesives such as high-strength polyester, vinylester, ultra-high performance self-compacting concrete and epoxy coating, chemical anchors had been used widely after 1990s [2]. Moreover, how much load can be applied on the rebar are the essential role of the pull out test. Due to the increasing diversity of materials and the improved awareness of waste products, it had become to produce different types of concrete with various characteristics. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and recycled brick aggregate (RBA) are more sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective as compared to natural aggregate (NA) [3,4].

2. Methodology

This research presented the 10 mm diameter deformed adhesive bar was tested at 130, 160, 190 mm embedded [5] to 40 MPa with three different types of concrete made of RCA, RBA and NA respectively as shown in fig.1. A total of 9 specimens with different types of aggregate were tested under monotonic tension test.

3. Conclusion

In this study, the bonding performance of post-installed deformed rebar embedded in concrete is investigated through pull-out tests. The key parameters used in the pull-out tests with replacement of recycled aggregate, embedment length of rebar. The key findings from the study are briefly presented as follows: Most of the specimens showed concrete rapture, splitting, or rebar rapture failure and none of them showed pull-out failure. Based on experimental observation, it can be concluded that epoxy resins are very much effective as bonding chemicals at the rebar-concrete interface. Bond strength of steel-adhesive-concrete was observed to decrease with the increase of embedded length to rebar diameter ratio as well as with the different aggregate replacement.

References

[1] Yilmaz, S., Özen, M. A., & Yardim, Y. (2013). Tensile behavior of post-installed chemical anchors embedded to low strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 861-866.

[2] McVay M, Cook RA, Krishnamurthy K. Pullout simulation of postinstalled chemically bonded anchors. J Struct Eng 1996;122(9):1016–24.

[3] Chaiyasarn, K., Hussain, Q., Joyklad, P., & Rodsin, K. (2021). New hybrid basalt/E-glass FRP jacketing for enhanced confinement of recycled aggregate concrete with clay brick aggregate. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14, e00507.

[4] Leibovich, O., & Yankelevsky, D. Z. (2022). Bond BEHAVIOR IN PULL-OUT OF A RIBBED REBAR FROM CONCRETE WITH recycled concrete aggregates. Case Studies in Construction Materials, e01607.

[5] ACI Committee 355. (2019). Qualification of Post-installed Adhesive Anchors in Concrete (ACI 355.4-19) and Commentary: An ACI Standard. American Concrete Institute.

Concrete is one of the most useful materials used in construction industry ascribable to good advantages of strength to cost ratio by comparing of other construction materials such as steel, composites and wood products. A durable concrete need to be both strong and ductile performance but due to disadvantages of brittle behavior and low tensile strength in structural application, fibers have been turned into considerable solution to strengthen the concrete matrix. As the times change, advanced technologies are improving rapidly and also many types of fibers are emerged into commercial market [1]. Attribute to the superior performance on the interruption of micro crack propagation and the improvement of mechanical, durability and serviceability properties, hooked-end (5D) steel fibers play as a refinement-materials in strengthening of concrete [2]. Recycling of construction waste prevails nowadays in economic and preservation of environment from sustainability point of view [3]. Demolition of existing buildings produce brick and concrete waste to be treated for structural and non-structural applications before disposal. The proper size of aggregates is extracted by crushing in jaw machine and sieved by mechanical sieves [4].