1. INTRODUCTION

Bangkok subsoils consists of a thick soft clay layer of about 13 m. from ground surface which promotes difficulty in soil excavation works. In general, for shallow excavation (less than 9 m.) sheet pile is used as a temporary soil retaining structure to save construction cost. For the deeper excavation, either pile wall or diaphragm wall is employed [1]).

Recently, surrounding impact to neighbor due to soil excavation in terms of soil displacement and settlement is concerned. There was a 7.5 m. excavation project located in Sukhumvit 29, Bangkok where sheet pile is capable of soil retaining structure. However, because of surround settlement awareness, diaphragm wall of 0.80 m. thick is employed. This paper reports performance of diaphragm wall in shallow excavation in Bangkok subsoil.

1. SOIL CONDITION

The soil condition is typical Bangkok subsoil with relatively thicker soft clay and medium stiff layer. The stiff clay layer was encountered at -17.00 m from ground surface. Comparing to the nearby project (200m away), the stiff clay layer was found at about just -14.00 m. Two meters of the first sand layer was found at -20.00 m. to -22.00 m. Below the sand layer, it was a very stiff to hard clay layer up to -30 m. The ground water of Bangkok during design and construction was about -13.00 m. As the level of groundwater is far below the excavation depth, this project is very safe against uplift pressure.

1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The underground excavation project is located in the city center of Bangkok. It consisted of basement floor and water tank with maximum excavation depth of 7.85 m. The top of water tank and basement level B2 are EL.-5.75 m. and 3.85 m. respectively. Th basement level B1 is at EL.-1.85 m. as shown in figure. The construction method was bottom-up with two layers of temporary bracing at EL.-1.30 m. and -3.25 m. Diaphragm wall of 0.80 m. thick with 20.00 m. length was used as a soil retaining structure. With the excavation depth of only 7.85 m., diaphragm wall is conservative for minimization of horizontal displacement and surrounding settlement. During construction there were five inclinometers located on each side of the construction area to monitor performance of the D-wall.

1. DIAPHRAGM WALL ANALYSIS AND MONITORING RESULTS

Behavior of diaphragm wall was analysis using Finite Element Method (FEM) for bending moment, shear force and displacement with all construction sequences starting with the first excavation to casting ground floor. The results of bending moment and shear force were used to design main and stirrup reinforcement and the displacement was used for safety monitoring. The maximum horizontal displacement was used to set trigger level denoted as Alarm, Alert and Action with 70%, 80% and 90% of the FEM computed maximum displacement as shown in Table 1.

During construction, the horizontal movement of the D-wall was monitored with five inclinometers on each side of the construction area. At the end of construction (After casting ground floor), the maximum reading ranges from 7.20 to 23.43 mm. as demonstrated in Table 1. It can be seen that performance of diaphragm wall for shallow excavation in terms of retaining wall displacement was exceptional.

1. CONCLUSIONS

This paper reports performance of diaphragm wall for shallow excavation in terms of wall horizontal displacement after ground floor completion. It was observed that wall displacement was exceptionally low comparing to FEM predicted value. Thus, for the underground construction surrounded by sensitive structure, diaphragm wall is recommended.

REFERENCES

[1] Teparaksa W. and Teparaksa J. (2019) Comparison of diaphragm wall movement prediction and field performance for different construction techniques. Underground Space, 4(3), 225-234.

A landslide is a downward movement of slope materials that could be triggered by rainfall and earthquake. Having a landslide potential map of an area could be very useful information for geotechnical engineers to provide a risk evaluation of the area. The main types of landslide maps include landslide inventory map, landslide susceptibility map, and landslide hazard map. The landslide hazard map considering triggering factors must be conducted for the risk assessment.

The conventional landslide hazard mapping approach uses geotechnical engineering data to assess hazard areas. However, engineering properties of materials must be obtained to predict the landslide hazard area, which is costly and time-consuming. Recent studies indicate that improvements in analysis methods, especially Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), can be applied to increase the reliability of landslide predictions. This paper discusses the review of the application of AI in landslide mapping.

Landslide mapping using AI could include the following applications: (1) using AI applications for predicting landslide inventory, (2) using AI to assess landslide susceptibility area, and (3) using AI to conduct the landslide hazard map. Research studies show that the most used AI technique in landslide mapping is ANN. Nowadays, using developed ML such as LSTM, MaxEnt, and GBM shows a high success rate. However, the prediction of landslide-prone areas currently depends on spatial environmental variables such as geology, topography, land use, land cover, etc., which are not the geotechnical engineering parameters. The future development of AI and ML in landslide-prone area mapping will focus on how to link between the geotechnical behaviors of geological materials and the spatial environmental parameters, which can help improve the accuracy of the landslide hazard mapping.

Covid-19 has exhausted healthcare systems around the world, and limited attention has been paid to non-communicable diseases due to the current pandemic and preparation for the future pandemic. In addition to this neglected situation in the medical area, the pandemic has fragmented local connections, and in many places, communities are not well-functioning as it used to.

From 2014 to 2017, ACF conducted a health education project in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province of China. Education on health checkups was conducted together with local public health experts at first but it was not effective. The project then incorporated a concept of beauty, which is a great interest to people, seminars using Shiseido cosmetics started drawing attention from many people (Fig.1). Furthermore, local beauticians received educational program by the project and played a role of delivering a health education to clients and sharing the information about medical checkups. This activity, centered on beauticians and involving the local women's association, spread through WeChat, a social networking service that was just becoming popular at the time, and information on beauty and medical checkups were simultaneously disseminated. In addition, to attract people's attention, posters were used for advertising that the checkups in the village were cheaper than those offered elsewhere. These efforts to disseminate information have led to the increase in the number of residents participating to the cancer screening in the village, resulting in the early detection of cervical and uterine cancers in two women in their 40s.

The findings from this experience were that people rarely listened to information from public health experts as their own business, and that using people close to them as touchpoints (customer contact points) and distributing messages that touch their hearts is more likely to lead to changes in their behavior. Also in regards to information about people's pain points, which is usually difficult to obtain, can only be reached through a circuit of information that leads to a gain point (something to gain) for that person. Many health awareness materials have been developed based on the premise by public health experts that "humans are creatures that make rational decisions," but this case study suggested that such an approach alone does not really reach people's minds and lead to the desired behavioral change.

This lesson from China led to the launch of the BEAUTY project in Malaysia. This study will first conduct basic research on various population demographics, and then develop practical research activities based on the results of the findings. The local barbershops and beauty salons are considered as health communication platforms for cancer prevention and screening, and the beauticians who work there are educated on cancer awareness. The goal is to expand people's networks and realize a new form of collaboration that combines the digital and the human factors, utilizing mobile applications that have proven effective in China. The study will take a unique, non-traditional approach to cancer awareness, with the NGO National Cancer Society of Malaysia (NCSM) with its strong ties and extensive network with local communities as well as national government as a project counterpart, and a team from the Asian Cancer Forum with diverse expertise in medicine, public health, ethics, marketing, IT, architecture/urbanism, disaster management, and journalism. The power of the concept of "Beauty" is great and it has the potential to change people's behavior.

The two main causes of the earthquake in the study area, Phuket, are the two active faults, Ranong (RNF) and Klong Mauri (KMF). The estimated magnitude of the potential earthquake is between 7 and 7.5. As a result, the study's goal is to determine where an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 will have the greatest impact. Subsoil strength characteristics and building intensity are used to create an earthquake impact map for the Phuket Province. In this study, the intensity of the buildings in Phuket was observed, and the impact level was approached by examining the stress changes of the soil layers under earthquakes from a geotechnical point of view. The earthquake modeling uses synthetic ground motion data with a maximum PGA value of 0.7898g to simulate earthquake magnitudes in Phuket Province. The building intensity and maximum stress change thematic maps are produced. Finally, using a GIS environment and the weighted overlay technique, Phuket's earthquake impact map is produced

After a building poses a risk for corrosive activities, it is necessary to investigate the danger and need for the detection of subsoil corrosion. A geoelectrical method, particularly electrical resistivity, is a measurement of the soil's corrosivity. When water leaks out of the spaces between soil particles, the soil's resistivity rises, and when the soil is corrosive, it sharply falls. The Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) demonstrates that the soil anion that caused the low resistivity that started the sandbox experiment has exchanged due to steel pile corrosion. The inversion model's 2D ERI data clearly shows the zone of subsoil corrosion that developed during the experiments. The zone affected by the anomaly of corrosion in the small zone surrounding the steel pile was visible in the 3D ERI results. The geochemical tests from ion-chromatography and monitoring data throughout the experiment confirmed the zone of different resistivity was due to soil corrosion.

Recent outbreaks of COVID-19, Monkeypox, SARS, Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Nipah infectious disease, Avian influenza, etc., remind us that human and animal health are intimately connected.

In September, 2004, health experts from around the world met for a symposium hosted by The Rockefeller University that focused on the current and potential movements of diseases among human, domestic animals, and wildlife populations. Representatives included specialists from WHO, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, CDC, the United States Geological Survey National Wildlife Health Center, the United States Department of Agriculture, the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law, and others.

The rise of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases threatens not only humans but also animals and plants, which are the critically needed biodiversity supporting the living infrastructure of the world. Phenomena such as habitat degradation, pollution, changes in animal and plant ecosystems, and global climate change are fundamentally altering life on our planet. Through the discussion in the symposium, we realized that for winning the disease battles, interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral approaches to disease prevention, surveillance, monitoring, control as well as to environmental conservation more broadly are required. The product of the symposium was the Manhattan Principles on “One World, One Health”.

After the symposium, organizations such as One Health Office in CDD, NPO One Health Commission, One Health initiative in the US, and One health Umbrella in the EU were established. These organizations are currently actively carrying out One Health, One World international activities and collaborating each other. No organization has yet been established in Asia so far. Therefore, we established the collaboration organization for the One Health, One World in the University of Tokyo in Japan as the base in Asia (the first Director is Professor Wataru Takeuchi). We would like to make an international contribution through the collaboration of Asian researchers in a wide range of fields related to human and animal health and the environment.

In northern Thailand, devastating landslides and debris flow frequently occur after heavy rainfalls. This study focused on the evaluation of debris flow using the DFLOWZ and Debris-2D models. The data collected from the failure at Santisuk-Bo Kluea (No. 1081) road on 27 July 2018 were used to validate the model results. The total debris flow volume that occurred at the Santisuk-Bo Kluea (No. 1081) road was estimated using the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis. The actual deposition and affected areas were depicted using aerial photos to validate simulated deposition areas. As a result, it is indicated that the DFLOWZ model provides a better agreement compared to the actual deposited area. It was found that the differences in the deposition area and the overlapping deposition area obtained from the DFLOWZ model are 16% and 34%, respectively. For the Debris-2D model with the minimum yield stress of 8000 Pa, the differences in the deposition area and the overlapping deposition area are 51% and 16%, respectively. It should be noted that prudential input parameters should be selected with caution. Especially, the yield stress, which is the main factor for the Debris-2D model, should be obtained from the testing suggested by Liu and Huang (2006)

1. INTRODUCTION

The national government and international organizations are focusing on disaster risk reduction. Due to the damage from repeated disasters, especially in the prone areas, risk perception among the community is needed. In addition, the disaster risk perception among the community and residents requires activities and materials of disaster education to create and maintain this perception [1]. The severity of the situation is not only influenced by just hazard itself, but the community’s vulnerability is also a vital factor that generates the size of the loss. Therefore, the community’s perception of the disaster risk can be an essential part of the preparedness activities [2-3]. Thus, the action to raise community awareness is significant to be implemented.

This review aims to explore the related innovations and activities to create disaster risk perception. Accordingly, the methodology starts with data collection of related innovations and activities for disaster education and/or disaster understanding of the disaster. Moreover, this review also summarized the comparison of materials using a checklist of the relevant development factors and the use of materials.

1. RESEARCH FINDINGS

This study begins with the basic knowledge and the expert experience needed to give to the community through the materials from the idea of serious game development [4]. The budget and development time also need to be considered. The last group of potential factors is the ability to create the perception and the frequency of use. The frequency of use needs to be counted because the community awareness or perception of that disaster might decrease over time [5].

1. CONCLUSIONS

This review is not a document for deciding which of the materials/methods has the highest score or the best materials to use with the community. Nevertheless, the information and basic comparison can help the developers or people interested in raising awareness or creating the perception of the disaster risk in the community to choose the appropriate one with their objective and context.

The focus of this review is to find the appropriate materials to use with the students and the grown-up community members to create awareness and perception of disaster risk preparedness, including other phases of disaster management.

REFERENCES

[1] X. Wang, L. Peng, K. Huang, W. Deng, Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 71 (2022) 102795.

[2] A. Iizuka, Prog. Disaster Sci. 15 (2022) 100239.

[3] K. Xue, S. Cao, Y. Liu, D. Xu, S. Liu, Habitat Int. 127 (2022) 102646.

[4] M.H. Tsai, Y.L. Chang, J.S. Shiau, S.M. Wang, Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 43 (2020) 101393.

[5] A. Amri, J.A. Lassa, Y. Tebe, N.R. Hanifa, J. Kumar, S. Sagala, Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 73 (2022) 102860.

Several buildings and infrastructures in Northern Thailand were damaged due to recent moderate and strong earthquakes such as the Mw 6.8 Tarlay Earthquake in 2011 and the Mw 6.2 Mae Lao Earthquake in 2014. Due to these earthquakes, soil liquefactions were reported in many area of Chiang Rai province. In this study, subsoil investigations were conducted in Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai. The investigation programmes included soil boring, standard penetration test and shear wave velocity measurement as well as index properties from laboratory tests. A preliminary evaluation of the probability of liquefaction can be performed based subsoil investigation report. As a result, this study provides an assessment of liquefaction utilising the empirical method in combination with probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Peak ground acceleration was calculated using seismic hazard with 2 and 10 percent probability of exceedance in 50 years for each site. To determine the probability of liquefaction under earthquakes, the empirical technique was used. The findings of this study can also provide a liquefaction potential in Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai provinces in the Northern Thailand.

1. INTRODUCTION

Among the various types of buildings, historic ones have been built for a long time, and the construction methods and materials that were used at the time were substandard. Hence, they are susceptible to vibration and deteriorated environmental impacts. Earthquakes have the power to cause massive destruction to historical buildings. As an earthquake cannot be avoided, many efforts have been made to establish an effective preparedness plan [1-4]. To achieve the task, information about the dynamic properties of the structures, e.g., the damping ratio and fundamental period of vibration, is indispensable.

In this work, two vibrational sensors were installed on the pagoda at the top and base levels to monitor the real-time vibration responses when an earthquake or a sensitive vibration occurred. The inverse analysis method was used to backward identify the dynamic properties of a masonry pagoda from the measured vibration responses. The target structure named Umong stupa, located in Chiang Mai, Thailand, was assumed to be a single-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-damper system, as shown in Fig. 1. With the measured four seismic waves as the input excitation and initially assumed dynamic properties, the numerical solution of the equation of motion using Duhamel’s time integration for the top acceleration was determined. Then, the Gauss-Newton algorithm was applied to obtain the dynamic parameters, which iteratively minimized the sum-of-squares error (SSE) between the calculated and real-time measured accelerations, as shown in Eq.(1)

2. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The values of the converged value of dynamic parameters, natural frequency (f), and the damping ratio (ζ) are shown in Table 1.

In summary, with the proposed analytical algorithm and the attached sensors, real-time monitoring can be successfully done. The change in physical properties due to damages or deterioration altering the vibrational behavior can be continuosly detected.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Ketsap, C. Hansapinyo, N. Kronprasert, S. Limkatanyu, Eng. J. 23 (2019) 89-105.

[2] K. Saicheur, C. Hansapinyo, Walailak J. Sci. Technol. 14 (2017) 485-499.

[3] K. Saicheur, C. Hansapinyo, J. Disaster Res. 11 (2016). 559-565.

[4] C. Hansapinyo; P. Latcharote; S. Limkatanyu. Front. Built Environ. 6 (2020) 1-11.