Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common long-term illness characterized by elevated blood sugar. Diabetes makes wounds take longer to heal because of things like infection, poor blood flow, neuropathy, and an insufficient response to proliferative and cytokine signals. Recent research has shown that the majority of wound treatments that are currently on the market are not sufficient enough to meet patients' needs. With today's state-of-the-art nanotechnology, researchers have the potential to either completely reimagine and create brand-new therapeutic approaches or significantly improve the efficacy of existing ones. Nanodrug delivery systems, in particular, have emerged as a major player in the field of skin regeneration due to their ability to tether bioactive components to the targeted area, slow the drug's release, and dramatically enhance the therapeutic effects of medications. Manufactured agents from the field of nanotherapy, such as nanoparticles and nanoscafolds, have recently shown promise in the treatment of diabetic wounds. Nanoparticles used in medicine have a large surface area relative to their size. Because of this, they have a better chance of interacting with living things and entering wounds. They work wonderfully for the slow, localised delivery of drugs that stimulate cell-to-cell communication, proliferation, blood vessel formation, signalling, and biomolecule production during wound healing. One or more therapeutic medication molecules can be released into the intended site slowly over time by using nanoparticles. The promising results seen with nanoparticulate systems indicate that research into the technology's capabilities will expand in the near future, expanding nanotechnology's already substantial medical benefits. Focusing on chronic cutaneous wounds, we evaluate the viability and efficacy of the most recently developed nanotechnology-based medications. In this article, we scrutinize the unmet needs of the wound-healing field as well as the future directions of the technologies that are currently available, while also discussing novel approaches that can advance the field.

Vast advances in nanobiotechnology have been attributed to nanoflowers as some of the most promising materials. Nanoflowers are flower-like nanomaterials that possess a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio compared to other nanoparticle morphologies. Synthesis of complex nanostructures is of great importance for nanotechnology. Nanoflowers can easily be fabricated via physical and chemical methods, making them ideal candidates for various biomedical applications. Precise control of reaction time, size and structure can influence the stability and biocompatibility of final synthesis products and thus their use. Organic, inorganic and hybrid nanoflowers can be fabricated quickly and cost-effectively, resulting in a variety of nanomaterials. Utilization of nanoflowers in biosensor platforms for detection of biomarkers, toxins, microbes and other analytes has been extensively described in the literature. Due to their morphology and enhanced surface area, they can also be an ideal site for drug or gene conjugation, for drug delivery and personalized medicine. Nanoflowers can induce angiogenesis, neuritogenesis and osteoblast growth and thus can play a vital role in tissue engineering. Biocatalysis, antimicrobial activity, nanotheranostics, cosmetics and treatment of diseases are also among other areas of interest. In this review, fabrication, morphologies and applications of nanoflowers in various areas of biomedicine are addressed. Current and future trends are discussed, while emphasis is also given to biocompatibility and nanotoxicity of these structures.

Background and Objectives: The international protocol used to diagnosis Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) usually faced an inappropriate result due to the poor diagnostic ability in early stage. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), an established serum tumor markers that is using for NSCLC diagnosis, has a limited sensitivity and specificity, but still the predominant complementary tool detection in where its results is confirmed the diagnostic radiology finding (PET-CT). Unfortunately, the limited range of its sensitivity is unable to classify approximately one third of patients suffering from NSCLC. Due to a huge number of patients is lately classified as NSCLC; the efficacy of the offered treatment is limited. Hence, the importance of discover, improve, and establish a new technique that participates in the NSCLC diagnosis indeed urgent.

Methods: The low angle x-ray scattering (LAXS) technique was applied on the lyophilized serum of NSCLC patients to create patient profile that able to distinguish the molecular difference between NSCLC patients avoiding the undesirable radiation exposure to the patients.

Results: The created LAXS profile is characterized by two peaks. The first scattering peak at 4.8° is sensitive to molecular alteration in protein structure that is the main characteristic difference from normal serum. Comparing the measurements of LAXS profiles of NSCLC with normal sera; the unique first scattering peak at 4.8° is elucidated a characterization shape and profile for NSCLC and normal individuals.

Conclusion: Using LAXS technique gives us full details at molecular level that is introducing as a promising tool which could be a supporter in NSCLC early detection.

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) complaint is a new strain of coronavirus (2019-nCoV) found in 2019 at Wuhan city, China. Till date, there is no specific treatment against Covid-19 infection. Computer-aided drug design (CADD) is one of the new approaches for identifying the lead compound in drug development. In the present study, we performed an in-silico study of the Triterpenoid compounds from Mangrove plant as potential COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors, which are used as a potential medicine target. Mangroves are salt-tolerant plant, rich in secondary metabolites. Generally, more than 16% of triterpenes are present in the Mangrove plant and possess many Pharmacological activities. In this study we used Molecular Docking using Auto Dock software. The binding energies obtained from the docking of 6LU7 with Beta-amyrin, Betulin, germanicol, taraxerol, lupeol, lupane, simiarenol, Tirucallol, Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid, and Alpha-amyrin were -8.37, -8.73, -8.06, -7.71, -8.32, -8.49, -8.16, -8.99, -9.24, -8.87 and -8.89 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, these results were also confirmed by drug-likeness properties by using Swiss ADME software. This study showed Triterpenoid compounds seemed to have the best potential to act as COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors and they have a potential lead compound for the development of drugs, which can be used against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, further research like in-vivo and in-vitro examines is necessary to investigate their potential medicinal use.

Due to high toxicity and resistance of conventional anti-leishmanial drugs, an alternative therapeutic option for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is required. This study aimed to formulate polymer-based chitosan nanoparticles as a drug (miltefosine) delivery system for treating leishmaniasis. Miltefosine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MLCNPs) were synthesized and then characterized by the use of UV-Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, drug loading content (DLC), encapsulation efficacy (EE) and dynamic light scattering technique (DLS). Further, the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of the characterized chitosan nanoparticles was assessed by Microculture Tetrazolium (MTT) assay, while in vivo efficacy was evaluated in infected BALB/c mice. The lesion healing rate was statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney tests. The MLCNPs were spherical shaped (97.5 nm), which presented efficient encapsulation (97.56%), drug loading content (91.5 µg/mL), and positive surface charge (+1.04 mV). MLCNPs were less hemolytic (6%) when compared to conventional miltefosine. MLCNPs (50 µg/ml) showed a potential antileishmanial effect (mean viability; 10±0.3%) on promastigotes in comparison to conventional miltefosine (mean viability; 18±1.3%). The IC50 value for MLCNPs and miltefosine was 0.0218 µg/mL and 0.3548 µg/mL, respectively. In vivo study proved that lesions of mice treated with oral and intralesional-injected MLCNPs were healed significantly (P = 0.01). Similarly, MLCNPs showed a significant antileishmanial effect and could be utilized as an alternative treatment for CL.

Childhood (pediatric) obesity is becoming more common at an alarming rate. Obese children are more likely to develop insulin resistance, relative insulin insufficiency, and type 2 diabetes. Recent research suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is related to, and may be predictive of, insulin resistance in adult relatives of type 2 diabetes patients.

Mitochondria produce ATP, which is used to create energy, especially in muscle tissue, and they play a role in glucose and fat metabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction has a role in the development of metabolic diseases. Affected tissues include adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle, which all contribute to food metabolism. Because cells require a balance between mitochondrial ATP generation through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and proton gradient dissipation to avoid damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS), abnormal mitochondrial function leads to fat buildup and insulin resistance. Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are all caused by growth and transcription factors that influence mitochondrial gene expression. On the other hand, obesity and hypertension both impair heart mitochondrial biogenesis and function. By promoting the expression of chaperones, SIRT1, and antioxidants, moderate weight reduction reduces systemic inflammation and improves mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, the variables that relate mitochondrial dysfunction to pediatric obesity were discussed.

In the world of data, there is an urgent need to find ways to extract knowledge and information for improving patient care. Artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging tool that has the potential to provide cardiologists with new insights and knowledge. The healthcare industry has already begun digital transformation for vast reams of data (Big Data) that are generated in routine clinical practice. AI has the potential to make a significant impact on healthcare by improving the efficiency of clinical care, providing personalized treatment and identifying new disease biomarkers. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) are AI techniques that utilize large data sets and computational power for analysis and decision making. There are 3 main ML techniques: supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. Another functional AI service that has been presented is natural language processing (NLP) and it's applicable for analysing patient documentation. The scope of AI workflow, the most often used algorithms and performance metrics have been explained. The explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has a prominent potential to be a useful tool for clinicians, as it provides full transparency into an AI model’s decision-making process and few applications were reviewed. The challenges and limitations of AI in cardiology have been discussed for both ethical, methodical and legal issues. Furthermore, the successful establishment of good practices towards the right development and deployment of automated ML-based systems will ensure a regulatory framework for strengthening the trust in AI/ML-based clinical decision support systems.

The purpose of this review is to delve into the essence of Annona muricata Linn. , also known as Soursop, Guanabana, and Graviola which is a member of the Annonaceae family and has a long history of traditional uses. This evergreen plant grows in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, primarily in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. The A. muricata plant's miraculous nature is a boon to mankind and has been widely used in folk medicine. A. muricata preparations on the market include candies, syrups, beverages, ice creams, and shakes. Several studies have concluded that the plant contains over 212 chemical constituents such as acetogenins, alkaloids, and phenols. The plant has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anthelminthic, analgesic, antiarthritic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, immune-enhancing effects, and anti-diabetic activity. Although some toxicities have been reported, the extract of A. muricata is effective and safe. This review attempts to bring together the majority of the available information on A. muricata phytochemistry, traditional uses, biological activities, and toxicity.

Salvia hispanica is a plant widespread to Central America. Chia is the common name for it. The seeds obtained from the current plant are most usually used. As public health awareness grows around the world, so does the need for functional foods with many health advantages. Salvia hispanica is a plant widespread to Central America. Chia is the common name for it. The seeds obtained from the current plant are most usually used. As public health awareness grows around the world, so does the need for functional foods with many health advantages. They are also known as "health food" due to their strong nutritional and therapeutic properties. When the seeds are soaked in a suitable solvent, such as water, they exude a sticky gel-like substance that can be employed as an excipient in both culinary and pharmaceutical compositions. This paper will go over all of the therapeutic benefits of the present plant and its parts, as well as the plant's use as an ingredient in foods and pharmaceuticals.

Mangrove is an opulent and untapped ecosystem with great phytochemical diversity thus suitable for discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds. The goal of the study was to explore the pharmaceutical antibacterial and anti-oxidant resources from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, and Aegiceras corniculatum and gain an insight into the diversity and novelty of compounds line alkaloids, flavonol, polyphenols etc. Liquid extract was obtained by subjecting fresh mangrove leaves to Maceration & Soxhlet extraction. Plant DNA barcoding was utilized to authenticate the identity of the samples under study. Few obtained sequences have been communicated to GenBank (under review, accession number awaited). The phytochemical profiling revealed presence of polyphenols (TPC= 8.71,8.51, 8.77,5.52 mg/gm of plant tissue resp.); flavonoids (TFC= 12.42, 8.48, 5.26, 13.903 mg/gm of plant tissue resp.); alkaloids (2.5, 3.81, 4.98, 5.21 mg/gm of plant tissue resp.). The antioxidant potential (radical scavenging activity) was scored to be 87.8%, 89.5%, 92.07%, 45.8% (DPPH assay was conducted). The antimicrobial analysis was performed on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Bacillus subtilus. The MIC revealed maximum activity Klebsiella pneumonia, while a negligible activity was scored on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. The analysis thus reveals that the plants under study may have better medicinal activity against the respiratory tract organism. From the literature source few compounds were selected and In-silico based PK/PD analysis is carried out using Swiss-ADME server. The present study thus reveals the preliminary compounds from selected mangrove plants that can be promising future anti-microbial therapeutics.