The phase-locked loop is am important system that has contributed significantly to technological advancements in many applications in the ever so fast-evolving digital era. In this paper, a PLL is designed using 90 nm CMOS technology node with 1.8V supply voltage. It features a PLL design with power consumption as low as 194.26µW with better transient analysis and DC analysis in an analog-to-digital environment. The proposed PLL design provides the best solution for many applications where a PLL is required due to its high performance but has to be accommodated in less area and low power consumption than state-of-the-art methods .

Road safety is significantly impacted by drowsiness or weariness, which is a primary contributor to auto accidents. If drowsy drivers are informed in advance, many fatal incidents can be avoided. Over the past 20 to 30 years, the number of road accidents and injuries in India has been rising alarmingly. According to the experts, the main cause of this issue is that drivers who do not take frequent rests when travelling long distances run a great danger of becoming drowsy, which they frequently fail to identify early enough. There are several drowsiness detection techniques that track a driver's level of tiredness while they are operating a vehicle and alert them if they are not paying attention to the road. This study describes a noncontact way for determining a driver's tiredness utilising detecting techniques

For front-end wireless application in small battery-powered devices, the discrete Fourier (DFT) transform is a critical processing method for discrete time signals. Advanced radix structures are created in an effort to reduce the impact of a transistor malfunction. To develop a DFT with radix sizes 4, 8, etc. is a complex and tricky issue for algorithm designers. The main reason for this is that the butterfly algorithm's lower radix level equations were manually estimated. This necessitates the selection of a new design process. As a result of fewer calculations and smaller memory requirements for computationally intensive scientific applications, this research focuses on the Radix-4 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique. A new 64-point DFT method based on the Radix-4 FFT and a multi-stage strategy to solving DFT-related issues is presented in this paper. Based on the results of simulations with the Xilinx ISE, it can be concluded that the algorithm developed is faster than conventional approaches, with an 18.963ns delay and a power consumption of 12.68mW. Using the proposed FFT technique, this work also focuses on medical image compression for different tolerances. As a consequence of testing, it was discovered that the computed picture compression drop ratios of 0.10, 0.31, 0.61 and 0.83 had a direct relationship to the varied tolerances tested 0.0007625, 0.003246, 0.013075 and 0.03924. This makes medical image processing attractive. Fast reconstruction techniques, wireless medical devices, and other applications benefit from this FFT's low power consumption, little storage requirements, and high processing speed.

The semiconductor industry has evolved significantly since its founding in the 1950. Primarily used electronic devices like transistors and diodes, but advancements in technology have led to more complex and powerful semiconductor devices , from printed circuit boards to a multi-million gate design i.e. a System on Chip. SoC provides faster and reliable implementation design with low cost per gate and considerably low power consumption. In addition , it offers a smaller physical size and with greater design security. Almost 70-80 percent of the total SoC design effort is spent on the functional verification. For meeting requirement the traditional simulation methods are no longer sufficient for the system level verification. This kind of verification platform which supports a mixed functional verification with both IP core level and system level. In this thesis, verification of interconnect block in a processing system is presented. The functional verification of the design is done by using system verilog and UVM . The verification process includes creation of testcases, assertions and checkers for verifying different functionality as per the design specifications. The connectivity of the interconnect to the masters and the corresponding slaves is verified by memory mapped registers. A unique functional block which is present on the interconnect to slave interface is verified by using combination of checkers and test sequences. Performance and trace monitoring of the transactions on AXI interface of the interconnect is done by programming different operational pointers and filters. Simulated results from the Synopsys - VCS tool verifies functional correctness of the design.

CBIR (Content Based Image Retrieval) is an essential domain, especially in the last decade, due to the increased need for image retrieval from the multimedia database. In general, we extract low-level (color, texture, and shape) or high-level features (when we include machine learning techniques) from the images. In our work, we compare the CBIR system using three algorithms based on machine learning, i.e., SVM (Support Vector Machine), KNN (K Nearest Neighbors), and CNN (Convolution Neural Networks) algorithms using Corel 1K,5K,10K databases, by dividing the data into 80% train data and 20 % test data. Also, compare each algorithm’s accuracy and efficiency when a specific task of image retrieval is given to it. The final outcome of this project will provide us with a clear vision of how effective deep learning, KNN, and CNN algorithms are to finish the task of image retrieval.

Successful medical diagnostic imaging tools satisfy three criteria; they produce useful information, they fulfill a diagnostic need, and are financially viable. The present need is the development of more diagnostic modalities that display changes in the dynamic anatomy and function, “how things move or work, not just how things look”. Bringing compartmentalized modalities together in a complimentary, real time, combined way, could produce images with sensitivity and specificity that a single mode cannot offer alone. Conceivably, a combined MRI/CT system with added blend of modalities such as electrocardiographs, nerve conduction studies and electroencephalographs, all on the same platform, all performed simultaneously, with the images combined and analysed together, could overcome the limitations of individual tests .

Laser 3D printing of high transparency and resiliency free-form micro-optics will be presented. The additive manufacturing is realized employing femtosecond laser direct write 3D nanolithography (fs-LDW or a.k.a. two-photon polymerization) combined with high temperature calcination (pyrolysis) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. The developed approach allows fabrication of various single optical elements and stacked components ranging in dimensions below 100 µm. Produced micro-optic objects are characterized of their optical performance (focusing, imaging, transparency) and determining their laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) values. This opens novel applications of laser 3D printed micro-optics under harsh conditions: radiation, temperature, acidic environments, pressure variations.

In this paper we present a correlation-based imaging technique in single pixel imaging scheme using Hadamard basis illumination. The Hadamard basis, which has the characteristics of a two bit value (−1, +1) and sparsity in its transformed domain, has been used in the illumination patterns and successfully utilized for imaging the incoherent target. It gives image reconstruction even in low light condition. Such deterministic pattern also helps to solve the problem of large number of measurements in single pixel imaging, and hence simplify the experimental implementation. Further to compare the quality of imaging with Hadamard basis patterns, we also compare imaging with Fourier basis patterns and simulation results of both methods, namely Hadamard and Fourier basis, are presented.

Photopolymers are widely utilized as holographic recording media due to their ease of preparation and no wet chemistry post-processing. Holographic sensors constructed from pH-sensitive photopolymer film have several applications in biosensors and medical diagnostic field. However, the stability of photopolymer films in an aqueous medium is one of the important challenges in their application for biosensing. Furthermore, pH of the solution is another important parameter for biochemical reactions. In this work, we have compared the pH sensitivity and stability of our holographic grating against two widely utilized classes of buffers; Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and Tris-Acetate-EDTA (TAE) at two different pH values of 7.36 and pH 8.0, respectively. It was observed that physiological pH (pH 7.36) had a negligible effect on the diffraction efficiency of the holographic sensor while it significantly deteriorated at a higher value of ~ pH 8.0. This high sensitivity towards the minute pH difference of our holographic sensor could potentially be exploited for pH-based biosensing applications such as urea detection.

Phase loss is a typical problem in the optical domain and optical detectors measure only the amplitude distribution of the signal without a phase. However, phase is desired in a variety of practical applications such as optical metrology, nondestructive testing, and quantitative microscopy etc. Several methods have been proposed to quantitatively measure the phase and among them interferometry is a commonly used technique. Intensity interferometer has also been used to recover the phase and enhance the phase difference measurement by the intensity correlation. In this paper, we present and examine another technique based on the Stokes correlation for enhancing the phase measurement by a factor of two. Enhancement in phase measurement is accomplished by the evaluation of the correlation between two points of Stokes fluctuations of the randomly scattered light and recovering the enhanced phase of the object by using three steps phase- shifting along with the Stokes correlations. This technique is expected to be useful in the experimental measurement of the phase of a weak signal and in the imaging.