1. Introduction

The rapid development of mobile communication technology (e.g. 5G communication) has contributed a lot for video transmission. However, the energy consuming issue of traditional video coding standard is still challenging due to the complex encoding paradigm. In the existing mobile video communication, most of the efforts are focusing on “Encoding-Transmission-Decoding” to reduce the bandwidth requirement. In other word, most of the existing video coding schemes are focusing on the compression performance while sacrificing the computational complexity. Obviously, these methods often focus only on the compression part and ignoring the power consumption which is critical for practical scenarios, which would lead to the unbalance of the video communication ecosystem. Information ecosystem theory has been widely used in recent years, and applied as a mature theory in the healthy hospital information ecology systems and agriculture domain. All of these studies have employed the “Ecological Methodology” to understand the information process deeply, but few researchers have study the ecosystem of mobile video communication. So, this work presents a mobile video communication ecosystem based on cloud transcoding, aiming at solving the unbalanced relation between the power consumption and compression efficiency.

2. Problem analysis

For mobile-to-mobile video communication, both the transmitter and receiver devices may not have enough computer power and resources. Meanwhile most of the traditional video coding schemes for mobile devices divide the information communication tasks into isolated episodes of “compression performance” and ”power consumption” etc., without considering the interaction between them. Therefore, how to find a more effective method to meet the requirement of the mobile communication devices is an urgent problem. On the one hand, traditional video codecs, such as HEVC are based on the frameworks which have encoders of higher complexity than decoders. On the other hand, DVC is an innovative paradigm which shifts the processing complexity from encoder to decoder. In order to provide a mobile video communication framework of low complexity at both end-user devices, combining with the characteristics of two video coding schemes, this paper proposes an improved DVC to HEVC video transcoder based on cloud computing. In the proposed ecosystem, the computational complexity can be taken over by the transcoder which has a powerful processing capacity, so that the unbalanced relation between the power consumption and compression efficiency in mobile video communication ecosystem could be effectively solved.

3. Proposed video transcoder

In the proposed video transcoder, the main idea is to exploit the valuable information of the DVC decoding which can be used for the HEVC encoding algorithm, so that the more power resource can be saved during the transcoding process. It is well-know that the HEVC encoder adopts a recursive quad-tree partition to split CTUs into CUs through a complicated Rate Distortion Optimization (RDO) process, which brings the huge computational complexity. In this paper, the process of the partition of each depth of CU in HEVC could be accelerated by re-using the motion vectors (MVs) information of the DVC decoding stage.

In DVC, the key frames are encoded using HEVC Intra, so they can be directly transmitted to the receiver without any transcoding conversion as I frames in the transcoder device. For the same GOP (Group of Pictures), there would be some inter-frame correlation between the P frames and I frames. The partition modes of P frames could be based on the partition modes of I frames, but the proportion of I frames CUs depth are greater than P frames as high as 90%. To this phenomenon, a block merging method based on data statistic model is proposed to handle the problem to some degrees, e.g., every four ‘8×8’ CUs and ‘16×16’ CUs will be directly merged into one ‘16×16’ CUs and ‘32×32’ CUs respectively. After that, a rough CUs partition model of P frames may have a large difference with the original partition model of P frames in HEVC. Therefore, a block repartition algorithm for P frames is proposed based on the motion vectors (MVs) generated in DVC. For each CUs, we find five points which include four vertexes and one central point to calculate the mean and variance of the corresponding MVs to decide whether the CUs need to be divided. If the mean and the variance is both greater than a threshold, it indicates that the CUs exists some irregular movement area, the current CUs will be split into four sub-CUs, or the CUs stays constant.

4. Results and discussion

In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed mobile communication ecosystem, which is based on fast transcoding algorithm from DVC to HEVC, several sequences are tested. The HEVC testing model HM16.1 are adopted for simulation bench. The reference transcoder consists of a full DVC decoder followed by a full HEVC encoder. Experimental results show that compared with the reference transcoder, the proposed transcoder can achieve of 60% to 50% total encoding time saving with negligible rate distortion drop.

The universe is a constantly evolving information ecosystem, which originates from the information as the energy (the essence of information is energy), thus forming the material, life, spirit and other elements of the universe.There are only two kinds of basic objective existence, such as information (energy) and limiting particle, which constitute the myriad things in universe.
Information is the representation of energy. Information and energy are both non material and objective existence. They have identity.The information of subjectivity is also composed of quantum sequences.Humans consume a lot of energy in thinking, which also proves the identity of information and energy.Simple information does not exist and is only possible through the medium of energy. Information and energy constitute the two sides of an entity, which embodies the identity of information and energy. The fact of the interconversion between matter and energy also establishes a connection between.them.
Information is the origin of matter.In terms of objectivity, matter itself is a set of information (energy) and substance is information aggregation according to the equation of mass energy conversion,.In terms of subjectivity, mankind can only understands the material world through information. While human being is going far to uncover the mystery of matter, our understanding of matter is limited to the information presented by itself. Matter shows the quality, time, space, and these three aspects are also derived from information. The concepts of time and space in human’s understanding are just the results of interaction of subjective and external information. Therefore, information displays space and time emerges in the process of information. Time is a successive state of information.

This article unifies the nature, the information (energy), the society, the spirit through the information origin theory, the limiting particle theory, the main body program theory. Thus it is called unified information theory.

1. Introduction

Urban planning is a subject which is highly relying on basic information. The main typical urban planning process consists of Survey, Analysis, Planning and Implementation. Over decades’ urban researchers usually focus on the process of “Planning” and “Implementation”, while less effort has been made in the “Survey” and “Analysis” part. In the meantime, most of the work only deal with one of the processes with other ones unconcerned. How to deal with the urban planning task as a whole, and achieve global optimization is crucial for modern urban planning. Information ecology is the study of interrelations among episodes of information conversion and their environment for better performance. Information ecology has been widely applied in the field of E-Commerce and Education to achieve global optimization, but has not yet been adopted in the field of urban planning. It is of great significance to examine the information unbalance in urban planning from the perspective of information ecology, which is helpful to the extensive collection and efficient use of information, and to accomplish more scientific, rigorous and effective planning.

This work will adopt the ecological methodology to guide the research on urban planning. Specifically, the Information Eco-System of planning will be modeled and analyzed, and the special attention will be paid to the information unbalance problem of urban planning. Finally a solution will be given with additional discussion.

2. The problem of Urban Planning Information Eco-system

2.1 Information Eco-system Model of Urban Planning

The whole urban planning process as an ecological system is referred to the conversion of” survey –analysis– planning- implementation”. In the beginning the information of objects in urban (e.g. residents, roads, streets, lands et al.) are collected by surveying and investigating. Then selected information are analyzed to form urban knowledge. With the support of the urban knowledge, researchers and managers could make a proper planning. The planning strategy would guide the urban construction and management, which is called planning implementation. Finally, the planning would affect the objects in urban. More walkable streets, more convenient instruction, more efficient transportation would make better urban life. Unfortunately, there is some important parts are missing in urban planning system. Consequently, the lack of information collection break the balance of the whole urban planning ecological chain and make the planning less successful.

2.2 Unbalance of the ecological chain—— Lack of human information

The basic information of cities can be divided to two types——unhuman information and human information. The former contains road, land, infrastructure, et al., those are changed relatively slowly. The latter is mainly focused on the activity and mobility of residents, those are changed very rapidly and it is hard to track, measure and acquire. By the meantime, nowadays it is generally acknowledged that “human” has become the core of modern urban planning, instead of land or other entity objects. Modern urban projects which focused on residents’ quality of life need more human information than ever.

Urban researchers have had to gain limited human information for decades because of limited sources, the disadvantaged technology and method. For example, the Chinese censes of the whole nation was taken every ten years. Many planning relied on data that cannot precisely reflect the present situation. The outdated and inaccurate data make the planning quantitative analysis unscientific and improper.

2.3. Solution

For urban eco-system, optimizing information collection method is the key to achieve system balance. Using multisource data to analyze and measure human activity is one of the most important way. Over past few years more and more urban researchers have started to use many kinds of big/open data to make more efficient quantitative analysis on the urban project. Long et al. use mobile phone signal data to measure the population density at the street level. The same author applied smart card data and taxi traces to measure human mobility and activity. These big/open data-based urban studies have proposed new methods and significantly improved the urban planning quantitative analysis.

However, those data still cannot provide enough information to support quantitative analysis in micro scale. For example, the result of street population distribution via mobile phone data can’t reflect the ground truth. Firstly it allocate all the people in a certain area into each street, which means people in the land are counted as ones on the streets but in fact they are not on the streets. Secondly it omit the group of people without mobile phone. Usually they could be kids under 10 and part of the aged. In micro scale, those deviation may lead to a bad or wrong conclusion. 

3. Towards Information Ecosystem for Urban Planning——The Application of Video Data

3.1 A proposed scheme——Street Vibrancy Assessment based on Video Data

Street Vibrancy is a typical urban planning element. It is an important topic which can measure the urban living quality. In street vibrancy quantitative research, in order to collect human mobility and activity information, some studies use field survey data and others use mobile phone data.

Video data on the other hand, has many advantages. Firstly, compared with the conventional data it can get continuous record for much longer time. Secondly, it directly records the ground truth instead of using indirect data to speculate, avoiding braised results. Thirdly, it can provide more accurate details about the survey target especially in micro scale. The multi-dimensional data could get a better description about human activity and mobility.

Here we propose a scheme called “Street Vibrancy Assessment based on Video Data”. It has three steps.

Step 1: The whole research is set around a residential zone which contains numbers of streets. Firstly at least one camera are put on each street. The video should record the whole situation of the street cross-section for at least one week. The video data is analyzed by intelligent video analyze technology to get the different kinds of information, such as pedestrian flow and activity and emotion, e.g. Chosen information are put into a calculation formula to calculate a value to stand for street vibrancy. The higher the value, the better the street vibrancy.

Step 2: First of all, the street vibrancy value can be used to monitor the street. If compared with other similar ones the value is very low, or the value suddenly changes and the change is very unusual, it will give an automatic warning to remind the urban manager that maybe some streets need optimized.

On the other hand, each street has different constituent elements such as street cross-section type, sidewalk width, land use function, vehicle traffic situation et al. With the results above, the correlation could be found between the value and the constituent elements by regression analyze. The correlation will help the urban researcher to find out the main optimizing problems, to determine which one should be focused on, the cross-section or the function diversity or something else. Then, based on the basic information analyzing, strategies could be proposed after comprehensive analyzing.

Step 3: After the planning and the implementation has been done, the street vibrancy value should become better. Put the former value and the present value together, the implementation effectiveness of the street optimization could be charged.

3.2 Implementation detail and discussion

There are many kind of video analyzing technologies to achieve different kind of pedestrian appearance. In our proposed model, we define the street vibrancy Y as follows:

Y=a₁X₁+a₂X₂+a₃X₃+…+a_nX_n

Where X_i stands for pedestrian appearance, a_i is a parameter which indicates the pedestrian appearance influent the vibrancy. The values of parameters could be proposed by experience, then determined by analytic hierarchy process.

It should be noticed that there is not always positive correlation between pedestrian appearance and the street vibrancy value. For example, the pedestrian flow indicates the account of people on the street, it is not ”the more, the better.”. If somewhere are very crowded, like one pushing another, very hard to move, then it is obviously that the whole street is not a public space full of vibrancy, which means on this situation the street vibrancy value of this street is low while the pedestrian flow is high.

All relative constituent elements should be considered as street vibrancy impact factors. Here we list some, sidewalk cross-section type, commercial type (land use function), function density, function diversity, sidewalk width, sidewalk length, vehicle traffic situation. For example, (1) According to different function parades, streets could be classified into 4 or more types: A-buildings (walls)-sidewalk-roadway, B-buildings (door open)- sidewalk-roadway, C- walls-sidewalk-roadway, D- walls-green bell-sidewalk-roadway…. (2) The commercial type of the stores right along the streets is also important, because a grocery, a fruit store, or a restaurant is totally different from a carwash.

Further analysis could be like below:

1. Similar streets should have similar vibrancy value on the time axis. If put all the streets vibrancy curve of one day together, find the unusual one/ones. Urban researcher could be reminded to find out the reason which makes the difference.
2. Compared two residential zones. Find out the difference by street vibrancy.

The results above can support many further research to guide the planning of enhancing street spatial quality, especially in micro scale, such as street walkability, quality of walking activity, street built environment.

Information is an answer to a question of some kind. That reflects the fact that to be aware of an information one has to be prepared for its acceptance. The acceptance of an information is not a trivial act, it is the result of a conflict in which an individual meets the world. It is the process of coming to terms with the brute world.

First comes the wish that something be such and such, then recognition of the different state of affairs in reality which has to be changed and finally reconciliation with some unchangeable facts. The distinction between the wish, the fact that has to be changed and the unchangeable fact is not stable. It often depends on one’s power, perspective and presuppositions that are however necessary as they reflect involvement and interest in the world. The development of modern science, which breaks our common understanding and shows that the everyday world as we normally understand it can look like very differently, is just one example. However, science always thinks it has come to a final true description of the world and doesn’t concede how relative its stance can be. As an argument in the support of the constructivist claim in science we can state the Kuhn’s conception of scientific revolutions, Duhem Quine thesis or Wittgenstein’s rule following theory which all stress the importance of background assumptions.

In human history various theories have been developed that claim to have found a universally valid differentiation of these three principles or at least they show limits to them. Man’s wishes are limited because e.g. of his nature, what can be changed is limited by the rules governing the world and some stable parts of the world can’t be changed at all. That division can have power consequences. Thinking is always related to power. Understanding and expressing something as unchangeable means the person doesn’t have power to change it and doesn’t even try. Defining something as something implies that other objects don’t belong into this category and must be treated differently.

We can also express the problem of conforming to the powerful prevailing limits and fighting with the world as differentiation between identity and non-identity. Identity means accepting the state of affairs, non-identity fighting against it. In the communication theory there are two concepts of information communication. There is the transmission model of communication and the constructionist model of communication.  In the transmission model information is sent from a sender to a receiver. This theory views communication including information recognition as a means for sending and receiving information. The proponents of the other model claim that meaning is reflexively constructed, maintained and negotiated in the process of communication. Communication is in their opinion a social practice that transforms the communicators, their identities, reality framings etc. This is close to Bateson’s concept of information as difference that makes a difference.

Realizing the limits and obstacles refers to a sort of compliance with the world. However, it is just the first step of the liberation and emancipation process which can’t lead to a full emancipation, but to the formation of a new conditional meaning.

Information technologies allow easy distribution and communication of information. One of the expected advantages of this situation was the constraint of bureaucracy necessary for the governing of the state. However the expectations have not been fulfilled and we are facing more bureaucratic practices in the support of security, fair treatment etc. that lead to increased emphasis on conformation.

The easy availability of information was intended to free man from his limited perspective, but man hasn’t used the chance yet and spends his time searching unimportant amusing content.

Information should originally have informed us about the world, but we rather use it to leave the world and spend our lives in virtual environments.

Information should have explained the world, but now causes its intransparency as the world is very complicated and complex. That is different to non-identity mentioned above. The intransparency means that man is deprived of his contact with the world as he can’t influence anything and becomes passive.

When viewing differences that make differences from an evolutionary perspective, information is not just communication. When one has won the fight with the many different definitions of entropy and finally understood that what corresponds to information of communication theory is best viewed as a tendency for equilibrium distribution functions in matter, one knows only a half. Knowing that Shannon´s formula relates a distribution function between set elements to the amount of decision-events necessary helps, but questions remain. What influences this amount? If the set evolved, how could decision-events not follow the tendency to equalize obeying the maximization of statistical entropy? How could relations stabilize? The set´s information is a non-equilibrium distribution´s cause. In physics, if some properties which deviate from equilibrium depend on spatial configuration, such properties are said to be in a field; and they represent a potential energy if they provoke forces in interactions. Stonier thought that the cause of non-equilibrium distribution functions in stable configurations and material structures is only one kind of in-forming influence; and that it is inherent in the structure. He called it structural information and discerned it from what he called kinetic information. This is the other cause of non-equilibrium distributions and it names the externally introduced information which leads to a non-stable situation triggering work to be done. This is what makes Stonier´s definition of information difficult to grasp: Energy which is physically potential energy, as it is stable inside a certain conformation, is stable because of structural information; and it is converted over several steps of non-stable states back into energy which can´t do any work. The state stabilized by structural information became in-stable because kinetic information was added. This sounds unfamiliar.

But one has to consider the context before contradicting. Stonier chose the example of a steam engine for the process described above. In this context, the idea that information is needed to directedly destabilize makes more sense: The machine has a characteristic structure which exists due to a stable configuration which can be trailed until one arrives at the atom and molecule relationships inside its crystal lattice micro structure. The structural information of the machine enables it to provoke an instable situation which will produce work; i.e. it enables it to introduce kinetic information into the gas-boiler-piston-part of its structure. Not all of its structural information is needed to introduce the kinetic information needed to provoke the non-equilibrium situation for work production. Some of the structural information serves other functionalities like holding the gas inside the system or other forms of self-maintenance. On the one hand this distinction Stonier made sounds quite plausible. Information changes organization and thermodynamic improbability affords information. Provoking a non-equilibrium situation which leads to the production of work -which is an organized process in Stonier´s terms-, therefore demands for information. What provokes the change to non-equilibrium in the steam engine is externally introduced information which directly causes the production of work. Is it really plausible? What discerns the inducer of non-equilibrium from the keeper of stability inside the machine´s molecular structure?

The stabilizing non-equilibrium inside the crystal lattice micro structure is kept for a long time and at constant energy by structural information. The work-producing non-equilibrium between itself as a whole and its colder environment is not maintained for a long time; and it will result in a heat flow to the surroundings which involves a change in energy. Nevertheless the structural setup of the machine´s material as well as the setup of all parts of it viewed in relation to its surroundings both have to be interpreted as distribution functions between particles. The fact that the semi stable state of “machine in temperature gradient to external particles” produces work during restructuring does not change the type of information compared to the stable state “the metal atoms inside the micro-structure crystal lattice keep the set of relations which produce the macrostate of the steam machine”. Both states are dependent on temporally invariant relations between particles. So what enables the steam machine to produce work? It is its structural information, the structural information which this generates inside a reference frame which includes the machine as well as its surroundings and a trigger to generate the “needed” change to the structural information. The fact that the trigger can change the state of the system and some of its structural information does not turn the trigger itself into information, at least not in the way Stonier claims for this example. The capacity to trigger the production of work does not make the information kinetic. It still is a form of Stonier´s structural information and a change to structural information, what a heating fire causes in the steam machine. The fact that one of the information types – the “keeper” is acting on a long-term scale while the other type “the inducer” is acting comparatively short until the production of work is the only means to return to a stable state. But mathematically different scales for one and the same quantity do not justify a differentiation.

Our approach is a bit different: Structural information needs to define invariance in relations between particulate objects and the invariance is not due to a thermodynamic equilibrium situation. Thereby the duration of the deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium plays no role. Neither does the fact whether work is going to be produced or not. Information is a quality with some kind of store and it influences selective processes respectively processes comprising decision-events leading to relations. Therefore it has to play a major role in all evolutionary processes, not just in biologic evolution. We agree with Stonier that evolutionary systems can only be understood when two classes of stores or sources for in-formation of relations are considered. Where we do not fully agree with Stonier is regarding his definition for kinetic information. It is right that some structures allow the direct production of non-equilibrium states due to characteristic relations between particles carrying characteristic properties, while other structures contribute nothing to slow down the process of establishing thermodynamic equilibrium. But in both cases the information defines spatial relationships and is not directly dependent of time. More than that, inside stable structures time could seem to stand still, since energy as well as observable form is conserved. A second type of information, non-structural information would need to carry a kind of temporal non-equilibrium, a pattern of change in time. Let us once more look at Stonier´s steam engine example: Which selective influence that induces time dependent changes and which defines the serial sequence of events could play a role as an inducer of the process of reorganization? Could this influence be stored in some medium? It might be difficult first, to compel one’s mind to think in that way. Humans are used to think focused on material and structural aspects. In the steam machine example (aside from structural information) it is the fire which triggers thermal non-equilibrium with the machine´s surroundings. Could a fire give any information? It could transfer heat. Heat introduced into a stable organized structure disorganizes that structure. But as Lambert showed, organization itself is a subjective term; what matters physically is the distribution between different energy levels. As broader the distribution curve, i.e. the more randomly the energy is distributed between available levels, the larger the entropy. Therefore the fire introduces a change in the distribution function, the distribution function of kinetic energies. But wait. It introduces a change of kinetic energies? Here is a connection with changing time, since kinetic energy implies changing velocities. Fire denotes a set of electromagnetic wave functions with different frequencies and characteristic observable properties considering e.g. the capacity to trigger chemical reactions etc. Viewed as single temporally stable units, fire´s electromagnetic radiation waves of different frequencies are characterized by distinctive temporal patterns. Let us consider another example, where the influence of temporal patterns causes changes in material structures exactly because of its pattern´s characteristic sequence of events in time:  Inside a human ear, there exist structures which – due to their structural information – possess a strong sensitivity for sound waves of a certain spectrum. When gas molecules which carry a distinctive temporal pattern (sequence) of dense and less dense regions arrive inside the human ear, their information can be recognized as a signal, as music, as speech etc. Here intuitively the term information is justified. What is the difference to the fire inside the steam engine? The temporal pattern is organized. But what does this mean? The human ear can also register a beat of random superposed frequencies and distinguish it as noise. Noise is no information? This is common consensus, but is it justified? Isn´t this distinction between the kinetic information which defines an organized music and the randomly combined wave functions which define the noise again a subjective judgment which has no relevance for physical general effectiveness?  I will discuss this question in my talk and present an approach to define structural and kinetic information in a way that a framework to study the evolution of information processing systems can be established.

In this essay, I discuss ethical risks of pursuing participatory research as an industrial doctoral student. I particularly focus on two facets. First, ethical questions that may arise as a consequence of the dual character of the work format, i.e. being both an academic student and a practitioner in the field of study. Second, ethical consideration in relation to a participatory research method in which the researcher recognises his or her role as a change agent within the system, but studies the system as a whole. I conclude that there might be several ethical risks associated with such research, of which the doctoral student should be conscious and transparent.

1.Introduction 

Background

 Every day in 2015, about 830 women died from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications around the world, with 99% of the deaths reported from developing countries (WHO, 2015). Maternal deaths result from complications of pregnancy, complications of childbirth and postpartum complications (Kassebaum et al., 2014). Despite improvement activities, the United Nations’ fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 5) of a 75% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR; number of maternal deaths per 100 000 livebirths) between 1990 and 2015 has not been met. Worldwide, the number of maternal deaths dropped only by 43% (WHO, 2015).

 Uganda has a maternal mortality ratio of 343 per 100,000 live births with a 53% reduction between 1990 and 2013 (WHO, 2014). Uganda shows a slow progress in the reduction of maternal mortality, with only a 2.8% annual decline (WHO, 2015). The slow progress is explained by limited access to healthcare and shortage of medically trained health professionals that can provide maternal and child healthcare services (Nabudere et al., 2011). The public healthcare system includes national and regional hospitals and a tiered system of health centers (HCs), consisting of HC II at the parish level, HC III at the sub-county level and HC IV at the county level (MoH, 2012). The HCs use a referral system where patients are transferred to the next level from a health center that cannot provide adequate healthcare services.

 While only 13% of Uganda’s population is urban (World Bank, 2010) the distribution of resources for healthcare, particularly specialized health professionals, is skewed toward urban areas. In fact, this leads to a very limited access to high quality healthcare in rural, remote, and hard-to-reach areas (MoH, 2012). In order to strengthen and extend the maternal healthcare workforce to rural areas, Uganda has employed a task shifting strategy (WHO, 2007). The strategy enables healthcare professionals such as doctors and specialized clinicians to move tasks to less trained and qualified health practitioners, such as nurses and community health workers organized in village health teams in rural areas (VHTs) (WHO/PEPFAR/ UNAIDS, 2008).

 In the task shifting strategy, the VHTs are the first point of contact for pregnant women and face the task to predict pregnancy complications but, they cannot accurately predict pregnancy complications (Okuga et al., 2014) making it difficult to achieve the MDG5 goals. In order to achieve the goals, with the task shifting strategy, it requires an effective and efficient maternal healthcare system with adequate resources and capabilities. Information Systems research has led to the development of computer-based health information systems that support healthcare professionals, nurses and hospital administrative staff in daily activities, hence leading to increased quality and efficiency of patient care (Haux, 2006). Developing a health information system in developing countries is difficult due to the “organizational complexity, fragmentation, lack of coordinated organizational structures and unrealistic ambitions” (Asangansi and Braa, 2010). It has been noted that the adoption and use of eHealth interventions in developing countries is challenged with poor physical infrastructure such as poor transport network, unreliable power supply, low ICT illiteracy and poor data management structures (Wilson, 2000; Asangansi and Braa, 2010). For instance, electronic health (eHealth) interventions such as predictive models aimed at predicting pregnancy risks (Kleinrouweler et al. 2016) cannot be used by the VHTs and mid-level healthcare workers. Explanations for not using the models are that they are too complex for daily use in clinical settings because they require computer support (James, 2001; Payne et al., 2014).

 Mobile Health (mHealth) extends the health information infrastructure to the villages and provides an opportunity to strengthen the healthcare systems in developing countries (Braa and Purkayastha, 2010). mHealth does not only support people in rural areas with limited access to healthcare but also supports people in urban areas and in developed countries to access care while on the move (Varshney, 2014). Given the potential benefits of mHealth, strengthening the work of VHTs and mid-level community health workers may require a mobile solution that is coordinated with the backbone systems to support maternal healthcare processes at different levels of the healthcare system.

 Full utilization of mHealth in developing countries is challenged by technical issues such as costs of the mobile phones, installation, and mobile network infrastructure, mobile application usability issues and sociopolitical issues such as communication patterns and lack of power (Braa and Purkayastha , 2010; Braa and Sanner, 2011).  There is still limited research on how sustainable mobile health information can be effectively deployed and scaled (Braa and Purkayastha, 2010). There is need to research on the challenges and needs for a sustainable and scalable mHealth solution in application domains such as clinical decision support, monitoring, evaluation and patient tracking, and electronic health records (Sanner et al., 2012) and on how such solutions can reduce financial costs to patients (Silva et al., 2015).

 This research proposes a study on how to design a system that supports efficient predictions of pregnancy complications in low resource settings. 

Objectives

The main objective of the research is to investigate the role of IT in value co-creation for predictions of pregnancy complications in low resource settings. Specific research objectives include:

1. To explain factors that enable co-creation of value to predict pregnancy complications in low resource settings
2. To describe the relationships between IT and value co-creation in predicting pregnancy complications
3. To recommend guidelines on how to design IT that enables value co-creation in predicting pregnancy complications in low resource settings

 Research question(s)

 In order to design systems that support health practitioners in the rural areas to identify, prevent and manage pregnancy complications, we need to understand the human, technology and contextual factors in terms of structures and processes that may affect the use of the designed system. Therefore, the overall research question would be:

  “How can IT support value co-creation in predicting of pregnancy complications in low resource settings?”

 To answer this overall research question, we need to answer the following specific research questions:

1. Which factors enable value co-creation in predicting pregnancy complications in low resource settings?
2. In what ways can IT facilitate value co-creation in predicting pregnancy complications in low resource contexts?
3. In what ways can IT be designed to enable value co-creation in predicting pregnancy complications in low resource contexts?

 Contribution and significance

 The practical contribution is to improve maternal healthcare in Uganda specifically through improved predictions of pregnancy complications in order for Uganda to meet the MDG5. Furthermore, the research supports the task shifting strategy by increasing access to quality care in low resource settings. The theoretical contribution is to identify how social capital theory and the service innovation framework enhance the use of IT to co-create value in the low-resource setting.

2. Literature

 Value co-creation in the service-dominant (S-D) lens is defined as “the processes and activities that underlie resource integration and incorporate different actor roles in the service ecosystem” (Lusch and Nambisan, 2015).

 The task shifting strategy presents challenges of inadequate access to quality maternal healthcare services in the rural communities. The quality of healthcare is not only achieved through service delivery but also through improved healthcare outcomes or the value obtained from the healthcare service delivery process (McColl-Kennedy et al., 2012).  Improved healthcare outcomes require innovative ways of healthcare service provision. Michie et al. (2003) indicates that treatment plans and related health care activities do not only include interactions with health professionals but rather extends to the individual lifestyle and beliefs. Evidence has shown that involvement of the patients in their treatment creates value as they actively seek and share information with health professionals, friends, family, support groups and colleagues to redesign their treatment programs (McColl-Kennedy et al., 2012) and prevent diseases through proper diet and exercises (Groves et al., 2013).

 Models and frameworks have been developed to improve healthcare outcomes in low-resource settings. Mburu (2014) developed a conceptual model for designing and deploying mHealth solutions for low-resource settings and tested it in maternal healthcare. The model was aimed at narrowing the gap between design of mHealth solutions and the use context. However, the model is inclined to processes between the healthcare provider and the patient and limits patients-patients or patients-family relationships. This limits research that focuses on other processes that support prevention and management of complications in rural settings with limited healthcare professionals. In this situation, the model is suitable for use in the traditional healthcare system that makes the healthcare provider at the center of healthcare and hence leads to limited quality of healthcare outcomes or reduced value.  

 Higa and Davidson (2017) developed a model that uses the S-D logic perspective for value co-creation in rural under-resourced settings. The model focuses of three actors including the patients, family or friends and healthcare providers who integrate resources to co-create value which is in this case, improving chronic disease health outcomes.  The resources considered in the model include social capital in form of social support from family and friends, eHealth resources to facilitate service delivery and eHealth resources that enhance patient engagement in health behavioral changes. The model assumes that the resources are readily available and that the actors are willing and available to exchange services despite acknowledging that the different actors are situated in both formal and informal institutions that may limit their interactions. Higa and Davidson suggest further research on the contributions on different actors and how limitations faced by actors to access and integrate services.

 The models and frameworks indicate the need to consider a social-technical approach when designing IT solutions that lead to improved health outcomes. The models also emphasize the need to consider the fit between the technical factors such as infrastructure, systems and the social factors such as the environment, individual characteristics and culture. Therefore, I will use a socio-technical approach to design a system that integrates social and technical factors. 

 3. Method 

To design IT innovations in healthcare, there is need to adopt the transdisciplinary approach in the research process. Pohl and Hadorn (2007) indicates that through transdisciplinary research, researchers understand the complexity of the problems as they analyze the life-world and scientific perceptions of the problem. This analysis can be achieved if different stakeholders in life-world participate in identifying and structuring the problem (Hadorn et al., 2008). This collaborative effort enables to bridge the gap between knowledge production in academia and knowledge required to solve a societal problem (ibid).

Community input into the research process requires an understanding of who to involve in the research process (Davis and Wagner, 2003). Community input can be used to either guide the research process or as a means of gathering empirical evidence for the research process (Gaber, 2016). Pike (1967) presents two perspectives of gathering community data which include emic and etic perspectives. He states that the emic perspective requires understanding the “lived experiences of the community members” while the etic perspective focuses on the “observations made by people outside the community”. In addition to the two perspectives, Gaber (2016) identified two other perspectives that include the emic-etic and etic-emic perspectives which are expressed as “insider-outsider vista” and “outsider-insider vista” respectively. He explains the emic-etic community perspective as being provided by advocacy groups who are members of the community and have worked with a community issue for some time hence, have an insider view. At the same time, such members work with other members in the advocacy groups who provide them with etic awareness view.  The etic-emic community perspective is provided by community organization representatives with etic and emic contacts for different community issues (Gaber, 2016)

Qualitative research that uses an interpretive approach aims at understanding the emic perspective of the people through the meanings they attach to their experiences rather than focusing on facts (Hennink et al., 2011). Therefore, in the interpretive approach, particularly during data collection and interpretation, “the study participants reflect their subjective views of their social world while the researcher brings subjective influences to the research process” (ibid).

 I will adopt the qualitative research approaches such as case study and ethnographic action research in my research process. This is because the approaches help to understand the interactions between people, technology and the organization. Such interactions inform theory development or solutions to the problem (Klein and Meyers, 1999). I used a case study research approach to conduct an exploratory and qualitative study in the Ugandan context to get an initial understanding of the maternal healthcare system. This helped me to identify some of the current problems facing the maternal healthcare system in Uganda for instance, the organizational, technical and human resource challenges. Data was collected through conducting interviews with the village health teams, midwives and healthcare professionals. The results from the study were analyzed using “the service innovation framework with the Service-Dominant (S-D) lens” (Lusch and Nambisan, 2015).

 Given the fact that Sweden is among the countries with the lowest mortality rates, I plan to conduct a comparative study in Sweden to understand the best practices in maternal health care system and opportunities that can be transferred to the Ugandan context. A case study research design will be used to conduct this study. The data will be collected from midwives, midwife healthcare managers and IT managers in Gothenburg, Sweden. Midwife healthcare managers and IT managers will be interviewed and in addition, a survey will be sent out to the midwives.   Further still, observations will be made at one of the healthcare clinics in Gothenburg to confirm the results from the interviews. The collected data will be analyzed using the S-D lens.

 The Ethnographic action research enables the researcher to focus beyond individual ICT to include the entire structure of communication and information in people’s way of life (Tacchi et al., 2003). The approach provides IS researchers with insights into the human, social and cultural aspects of IS information development and application (Harvey and Myers, 1995). Ethnographic research will enable me to see “what people are doing as well as what they say they are doing” (Myers, 1999) through participant observation (Baskerville and Myers (2015). Through ethnography I will observe how VHTs interact with the pregnant women and the midwives during the pregnancy process.

 Analyzing results from the research studies will be done with reference to the social capital theory (Lewis et al., 2013) and service innovation framework (Lusch and Nambisan, 2015). Analysis from the studies will enable me to design requirements for the use of IT to support value-co-creation in predicting pregnancy complications.  I will evaluate the design guidelines using quality attributes of usability, reliability and organizational fit.

4. References

 Asangansi, I., & Braa, K. (2010). The emergence of mobile-supported national health information systems in developing countries. Stud Health Technol Inform, 160(Pt 1), 540-544.

Balci, B. (2014). The State of the Art on Process Virtualization: A Literature Review.

Baskerville, R. L., & Myers, M. D. (2015). Design ethnography in information systems. Information Systems Journal, 25(1), 23-46.

Braa, K., & Purkayastha, S. (2010). Sustainable mobile information infrastructures in low resource settings. Studies in health technology and informatics, 157, 127-132.

Braa, K., & Sanner, T. (2011). Making mHealth happen for health information systems in low resource contexts. In Proceedings of the 11 th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries (pp. 530-541).

Davis, A., & Wagner, J. R. (2003). Who knows? On the importance of identifying “experts” when researching local ecological knowledge. Human ecology, 31(3), 463-489.

Gaber, J. (2016). Seeing the community’s perspective through multiple emic and etic vistas. Health Promotion International, daw043.

Groves, P., Kayyali, B., Knott, D., & Van Kuiken, S. (2013). The ‘big data’revolution in healthcare. McKinsey Quarterly, 2.

Hadorn, G. H., Biber-Klemm, S., Grossenbacher-Mansuy, W., Hoffmann-Riem, H., Joye, D., Pohl, C., ... & Zemp, E. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of transdisciplinary research (pp. 19-39). Zurich^ eSwitzerland Switzerland: Springer.

Harvey, L. J., & Myers, M. D. (1995). Scholarship and practice: the contribution of ethnographic research methods to bridging the gap. Information Technology & People, 8(3), 13-27.

Haux, R. (2006). Health information systems–past, present, future. International journal of medical informatics, 75(3), 268-281.

Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2011). Qualitative research methods. Sage Publications.

Higa, C., & Davidson, E. (2017). Building Healthier Communities: Value Co-Creation within the Chronic Care Model for Rural Under-Resourced Areas. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

James, B. C. (2001). Making it easy to do it right. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(13), 991-993.

Kassebaum, N. J., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Coggeshall, M. S., Shackelford, K. A., Steiner, C., Heuton, K. R., ... & Templin, T. (2014). Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet, 384(9947), 980-1004.

Klein, H. K., & Myers, M. D. (1999). A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems. MIS quarterly, 67-93.

Kleinrouweler, C. E., Cheong-See, F. M., Collins, G. S., Kwee, A., Thangaratinam, S., Khan, K. S., ... & Schuit, E. (2016). Prognostic models in obstetrics: available, but far from applicable. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 214(1), 79-90.

Lewis, J. M., DiGiacomo, M., Luckett, T., Davidson, P. M., & Currow, D. C. (2013). A social capital framework for palliative care: supporting health and well-being for people with life-limiting illness and their carers through social relations and networks. Journal of pain and symptom management, 45(1), 92-103.

Lusch, R. F., & Nambisan, S. (2015). Service Innovation: A Service-Dominant Logic Perspective. Mis Quarterly, 39(1), 155-175.

Mburu, S. N. (2014). A model for design and deployment of mhealth solutions fit for low-resource settings: case of maternal care (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).

McColl-Kennedy, J. R., Vargo, S. L., Dagger, T. S., Sweeney, J. C., & van Kasteren, Y. (2012). Health care customer value cocreation practice styles. Journal of Service Research, 1094670512442806.

Michie, S., Miles, J., & Weinman, J. (2003). Patient-centredness in chronic illness: what is it and does it matter?. Patient education and counseling, 51(3), 197-206.

MoH(Ministry of Health), Health Systems 20/20, Makerere University School of Public Health (2012) .  Uganda Health System Assessment 2011. Kampala, Uganda and Bethesda, MD: Health Systems 20/20 project, Abt Associates Inc

Myers, M. (1999). Investigating information systems with ethnographic research. Communications of the AIS, 2(4es), 1.

Okuga, M., Kemigisa, M., Namutamba, S., Namazzi, G., & Waiswa, P. (2014). Engaging community health workers in maternal and newborn care in eastern Uganda. Glob Health Action, 7, 23968.

Payne, B. A., Hutcheon, J. A., Ansermino, J. M., Hall, D. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Bhutta, S. Z., ... & Li, J. (2014). A risk prediction model for the assessment and triage of women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in low-resourced settings: the miniPIERS (Pre-eclampsia Integrated Estimate of RiSk) multi-country prospective cohort study. PLoS Med, 11(1), e1001589.

Pike, K. L. (1967). Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior, 2nd rev.

Pohl, C., & Hirsch Hadorn, G. (2007). Principles for designing transciplinary research, proposed by the Swiss academies of arts and sciences. München: Oekom.

Sanner, T. A., Roland, L. K., & Braa, K. (2012). From pilot to scale: Towards an mHealth typology for low-resource contexts. Health Policy and Technology, 1(3), 155-164.

Silva, B. M., Rodrigues, J. J., de la Torre Díez, I., López-Coronado, M., & Saleem, K. (2015). Mobile-health: a review of current state in 2015. Journal of biomedical informatics, 56, 265-272.

Tacchi, J. A., Slater, D., & Hearn, G. N. (2003). Ethnographic action research: A user’s handbook.

UCC (Uganda Communications Commission) 2015. Postal, boradcastig and telecommunications annual market and industry report 2014/2015. http://www.ucc.co.ug/files/downloads/Annual%20Market%20Industry%20Report%202014-15-%20October%2019-2015.pdf  (Retrieved on 10/01/2017)

Varshney, U. (2014). Mobile health: Four emerging themes of research. Decision Support Systems, 66, 20-35.

WHO (World Health Organization) (2007). Task Shifting to Tackle Human Resource Shortages. Geneva: URL: http://www.who.int/healthsystems/task_shifting_booklet.pdf (Retrieved on 10/01/2017).

WHO (World Health Organization) (2014). Global maternal newborn, child and adolescent health policy indicator database based on key informant surveys in 2009-10, 2011 & 2013-14

WHO (World Health Organization) (2015), "Media center, Maternal mortality, Fact sheet Nº348," URL: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/ (Retrieved on 16/10/2016).

WHO, U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and UNAIDS (2008). Treat, Train, and Retain: Task Shifting—Global Recommendations and Guidelines. Geneva: WHO. URL: http://www.who.int/healthsystems/TTR-TaskShifting.pdf (visited on 16/10/2016).

Wilson, R. (2000). Using computers in health information systems. Design and Implementation of Health Information System. Geneva: World Health Organization, 198-212.

World Bank (2010) World Development Indicators [dataset]. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/news/world-development-indicators-2010-released.

The term disciplinarity seems not to have a commonly accepted definition but it relates to a specific field of academic study. The free dictionary defines disciplinarity as the state of being disciplinary. Disciplinary is an adjective related to the branch of learning or knowledge. When talking about a discipline, it is not merely a body of knowledge but also a set of practices by which the knowledge is acquired, confirmed, implemented, preserved, and reproduced.

Post (2009) argues that questions of disciplinarity seek criteria for validating the “eccentric” angle of vision of a particular “intellectual” community in terms of its methodology, subject matter, curriculum or its shared purpose. Disciplinarity involves the education, certification, hiring, and promotion of university professors. Questions of disciplinarity express apprehension about the subordinate status of a “colonized discipline” (James, 1995). Minati and Collen (1997) using the systemic perspective describe disciplinarity as phases or forms of human activity to seek, develop, and produce knowledge. They state that disciplinarity is demonstrated in four forms; singular, multiple, inter-relational, and boundary breaking pursuits.

Universities possess incentives to engage in interdisciplinary approaches in circumstances where the problems resist a solution within the parameters of traditional disciplinary perspective. Many of the universities worldwide have research agendas that keep changing and to be able to meet this changing agenda calls for transformation of knowledge practices on top of complementary changes in the internal organisation of universities and in the composition of external disciplinary institutions.

Cloud computing is a new generation of computing systems, increasingly developing as a promising solution to deal with the explosion of computing complexity and data size. One of the main concerns to shift from traditional computing systems to Cloud is ethics. In many cases, ethical issues depend on particular applications and circumstances. However, we intend to identify ethical issues of Cloud, inherent in the fundamental nature of the technology rather than specific circumstances. There are multiple technological criteria affecting ethical issues in Cloud, such as security; privacy; compliance and performance metrics. Along with the technological criteria, a set of rules and regulations called Terms and Conditions (T&C) effects on ethics in the Cloud. T&C is an agreement specifying the rights and obligations of users, Cloud providers and third parties. In this ongoing research work, we aim to firstly investigate the main technological criteria affecting ethics in Cloud, while at the same time, we provide a discussion to indicate that how each of these criteria influences ethics, secondly to consider the relationship between the T&C rules and ethics, and finally to have a quick look at ethical issues in Cloud versus traditional web-based applications.

Abstract

This research proposal describes a Ph.D. research project in interaction design with information intense heavy vehicles. The research aims to explore the use of mixed reality interaction and visual presentation using see-through interfaces and symbolic metaphors, to enhance the interaction for operators working with these types of Machines.

1. Introduction and motivation for research

As systems, for example, vehicle systems, get increasingly autonomous and information intense, the information exchanged with the user, i.e. the operator, are increasingly becoming a designed interaction. This in relation to the interaction earlier being a result of the machine behavior and mechanical operation. Thus, there is a need for a proficient interaction design to establish an efficient, environmentally conscious and successful operation.

Also, as machines get connected, more information will be communicated from and between machines. And as higher levels of autonomy will be introduced, the activities and purpose of the operator will likely also transform into more managerial than operational, affecting the interaction with the machine and the need for information.

Furthermore, there is even a risk that new functionality is added that increases mental load and draws operators attention, thus potentially increasing the risks of failure as well as compromises human safety [1]. One example of such is the Llanbadarn Automatic Barrier incident report where a train passed a crossing with the bars raised. One reason why this happened was because the operator was occupied with the driver machine interface and therefore missed the crossing indicator [2].

Using mixed reality interaction, thus blending information with the surrounding area, have the potential to enhance situational awareness.

The aim of this research is to explore interaction with information intense heavy vehicles and find means for user experiences and efficient interaction between the operators and the industrial mobile machines; for example, agricultural machines and construction machines. The research combines software engineering and interaction design together with an industrial perspective (the researcher is an industrial Ph.D. student).

Increasing efficiency of machines and utilization of information can also positively impact a sustainable society. For example through less fuel consumption or a more precise and limited soil fertilizing. Also, reports claim that excessive movements are made, for example, to look out of the machine in certain angles with covered sight [3], resulting in injuries. A good design of the interaction, including placement of the interaction devices can increase operator wellbeing and sustained operation. It can also improve information detection and intake, for example, when the information is within the visual attention area and less time is required to refocus on a display placed at the side in the cabin and then back into the surroundings [4].

This type of research can impact the coming future of even more information intense and autonomous machines, as major OEMs are, possibly, more than ever seeking to information to provide higher levels of productivity and efficiency [5], [6].

2. A summary of background and related work

Different types of transparent interaction systems and augmented interfaces, that keep the user visual attention close operation, are currently an area of state-of-the-art interest [7]. The field itself is not new, head-up displays have, for example, been used for a long time in specific areas, aerospace being one early adopter. But new commercial products have made the technology increasingly available and widespread.

In automotive applications, in particular cars, the use of head-up displays have been extensively researched and used. The information needed in industrial applications is however different than to cars, as it is not only about transportation but also about the production process performed by the vehicle.

Also in the heavy machinery industry, head-up display technology have been evaluated, indicating possible benefits in ergonomics, information intake and productivity [8], [9]. These test has however mainly focused on taking production information currently visualized on displays, and replicating this in the field of vision of the operator. Focusing less on renewed ways to present production information, as well as mediation of additional information.

Another alternative would be head-worn displays, that can be used to present information within the field of view of a user, regardless of the head rotation [10]. But these technologies require extra steps before being able to operate or exit the vehicle, as well as the risk of dropping of losing the visualization devices. Smart devices such as mobile phones and tablets can also be used to display information about machine status, production, or settings. Within or at a distance from the machine. Mobile devices can also be used in augmented solutions, for example, in mobile see-through interfaces where information is overlaid on the display of the device [11], [12].

Additionally, the way to present information in information intense and increasingly autonomous vehicles are an area of research. In farming, Sørensen et.al mention that acquisition and analysis of information still proves a demanding task” [13], and the availability of data does not warrant the understanding or usefulness of the data to the user [14]. This is also indicated by the Designing Interactive Systems conference (DIS) workshop on metaphors for interaction with autonomous systems [15].

3. A description of the proposed approach/solution

The proposed solution is to use mixed reality to present information in the line of sight of the operator, when he/she is looking out through the cabin windows. This would let the operator’s attention to be closer to the outside world, compared to when the operator has to look away at screens for information intake. It would also provide a larger screen area for information presentation.

The approach will be to practically explore interaction design and technology by producing visualization concepts and prototypes.

Furthermore, the research seeks to find a common language of interaction that can be used by diverse vendors or practitioner in several industrial machinery contexts. Such as a uniform symbol language that can be used in many types of applications and handle different levels of criticality.

Audio and tactile feedback are also to be considered, but the visual channel will be in focus.

5. A brief discussion on the applied research methodology, including how the solution is going to be evaluated

According to Fällman [16], Zimmerman et. al. [17], Höök et al. [18], Schön [19] and others, interaction design research can be performed through design practice. Sennet [20] even argues that understanding is impaired when we separate practice from theory. The result of the practice can be expressed in many forms, for example, sketches [21], through artefacts and systems [22]. A strong concept is the exploration of possibilities as well as the reflection on design, its artefacts and possible future outcomes [19], [23].

The practice will result in designs and prototypes. As access to real working vehicles is a limited source, evaluation of the concepts and prototypes will mainly be made through simulators and qualitative interviews. For mature concepts, the target is to do quantitative user evaluation with a bigger sample set.

5. Expected contributions and results so far

The work until this stage has centered on gaining understanding and create a foundation for the coming work. It has focused on selected stakeholders (operators [24], designers and developers [25]) and methods for understanding, process, and practice. Among others it has:

• Provided means to evaluate operator’s daily interaction with machines, with minimal interruption of work, using eye tracking. This work included a qualitative study of operator’s attention at different vehicle types [4].
• Studied of the role of user understanding in the creation of autonomous vehicles [24].
• Ideated on different ways for a stakeholder in the lifetime of an industrial vehicle [26].
• Realized a mixed reality simulator made with audio and visuals [27]. To be extended with see-through (HUD) style visualization.

So far the effort has resulted in a licentiate degree [28] and a number of publications. The plan ahead is to use this experience in the second phase of the research, from where it is expected to result in a number of possible interaction design concepts. These, in turn, will contribute to the understanding of information exchange between software intensive heavy vehicles and its operators, its scenarios and technologies, its use, its challenges, and possibilities.

6. References

[1]         F. Lauber, A. Follmann, and A. Butz, “What You See Is What You Touch : Visualizing Touch Screen Interaction in the Head-Up Display,” pp. 171–180, 2014.

[2]         Department for Transport, “Incident at Llanbadarn Automatic Barrier Crossing (Locally Monitored), near Aberystwyth, 19 June 2011,” 2012.

[3]         T. Eger, A. Godwin, D. J. Henry, S. G. Grenier, J. Callaghan, and A. Demerchant, “Why vehicle design matters: Exploring the link between line-of-sight, driving posture and risk factors for injury.,” Work, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 27–37, 2010.

[4]         M. Wallmyr, “Seeing through the eyes of off-highway vehicle operators,” in (accepted at) The 16th IFIP TC.13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT ’17, 2017, p. 21.

[5]         “Caterpillar Introduces ‘the Age of Smart Iron’ – Digital Technology designed to Transform Productivity, Efficiency and Safety on Job Sites.” [Online]. Available: http://www.cat.com/en_US/news/machine-press-releases/caterpillar-introduces-the-age-of-smart-iron-digital-technology-to-transform-productivity-efficiency-and-safety-on-job-sites.html. [Accessed: 31-Oct-2016].

[6]         “Trimble corporate news relases 2016,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.trimble.com/corporate/news_release.aspx. [Accessed: 20-Jul-2016].

[7]         J. A. Betancur, J. Villa-Espinal, G. Osorio-Gómez, S. Cuéllar, and D. Suárez, “Research topics and implementation trends on automotive head-up display systems,” Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf., pp. 1–16, Sep. 2016.

[8]         A. Nordlie and S. Till, “Head-Mounted Displays for Harvester Operators – A Pilot Study,” p. 113, 2015.

[9]         O. Lagnel and J. Engstr, “Bättre arbetsmiljö med Head Up Display,” 2015.

[10]       B. Kress and T. Starner, “A review of head-mounted displays (HMD) technologies and applications for consumer electronics,” in Proc. SPIE 8720, Photonic Applications for Aerospace, Commercial, and Harsh Environments IV, 87200A (May 31, 2013), 2013, vol. 8720.

[11]       R. Van Krevelen and R. Poelman, “A survey of augmented reality technologies, applications and limitations,” … J. Virtual Real., vol. 9, no. 2, 2010.

[12]       H. Seichter, J. Grubert, and T. Langlotz, “Designing mobile augmented reality,” in Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services - MobileHCI ’13, 2013, p. 616.

[13]       C. G. Sørensen, S. Fountas, E. Nash, L. Pesonen, D. Bochtis, S. M. Pedersen, B. Basso, and S. B. Blackmore, “Conceptual model of a future farm management information system,” Comput. Electron. Agric., vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 37–47, Jun. 2010.

[14]       W. Chinthammit, H. B.-L. Duh, and J. Rekimoto, “HCI in food product innovation,” in Proceedings of the extended abstracts of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI EA ’14, 2014, pp. 1111–1114.

[15]       H. Strömberg, “Setting the Stage with Metaphors for Interaction – Researching Methodological Approaches for Interaction Design of Autonomous Vehicles.”

[16]       D. Fallman, “The Interaction Design Research Triangle of Design Practice, Design Studies, and Design Exploration,” Des. Issues, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 4–18, Jul. 2008.

[17]       J. Zimmerman, J. Forlizzi, and S. Evenson, “Research Through Design as a Method for Interaction Design Research in HCI design research in HCI,” Proc. SIGCHI Conf. Hum. factors Comput. Syst., pp. 493–502, 2007.

[18]       K. Höök and J. Löwgren, “Strong concepts,” ACM Trans. Comput. Interact., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 1–18, Oct. 2012.

[19]       D. Schon, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think In Action. Basic Books, 2008.

[20]       R. Sennett, The Craftsman. Penguin Books Limited, 2009.

[21]       B. Buxton, Sketching user Experiences. Morgan Kaufman, 2007.

[22]       N. Cross, “Design Research: A Disciplined Conversation,” Des. Issues, vol. 15, no. 2, 1999.

[23]       J. Bardzell, “Interaction criticism: An introduction to the practice,” Interact. Comput., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 604–621, 2011.

[24]       M. Wallmyr, “Understanding the user in self-managing systems,” in Proceedings of the 2015 European Conference on Software Architecture Workshops - ECSAW ’15, 2015, pp. 1–4.

[25]       T. Holstein, M. Wallmyr, J. Wietzke, and R. Land, “Current challenges in compositing heterogeneous user interfaces for automotive purposes,” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 2015, vol. 9170, pp. 531–542.

[26]       M. Wallmyr, “Interactions and Applications for See-Through Technologies - Industrial application examples,” in NordiCHI ’14 Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational, 2014, p. Pages 793-796.

[27]       D. Kade, D. Wallmyr, T. Holstein, R. Lindell, H. Ürey, and O. Ozcan, “Low-Cost Mixed Reality Simulator for Industrial Vehicle Environments,” 8th Int. Conf. VAMR 2016, Held as Part HCI Int. 2016, vol. 9740, pp. 597–608, 2016.

[28]       M. Wallmyr, “Exploring interaction design perspectives on heavy vehicles,” 2017.