The information thoughts does not originate from modern science and technology. The simple information thoughts germinated in the splendid human ancient philosophies, including ancient Greek philosophies, ancient Indian philosophies and ancient Chinese philosophies. The pre-Qin thoughts and philosophies is the origin of Chinese culture and also is a very important part of ancient world culture. This article focuses on the pre-Qin Chinese philosophy school-Mohism, because, compared to other pre-Qin schools, the Mohism, inaugurated by Mo-tse, relatively paid more attention to the study of natural science. The theories and ideas about primitive elements of the universe, natural laws and correspondence between man and nature in Mohism embody abundant and profound information ideas and information thinking mode.

Digital labor already plays an important role in the development of modern society and it is related with the liberation of human being. There are two distinct arguments: one is that digital labor is the hope of liberation of human labor and bring another chance like a New Renaissance (Gordana dodig-crankovic,2003;Andy Feenberg 2014 );another is that it is still a alienated form of labor(Christian Fuchs,2014).This article mainly focus on studying digital labor by dialectics through philosophy reflection.

Homo Loquens meets Homo Informaticus: exploring the relationship between language and information

This paper explores the relationship between natural language and the phenomenon of

information. It argues that the Philosophy of Information can provide a bridge between

linguistics and information science by offering a deeper understanding of how these two

spheres of experience are entangled. Proceeding from the author’s 2002 Foundations of

Information Science Online Conference paper ‘The Phantom of Information’ it first asks the

question ‘How can we best define information’? The author then offers a brief historical

perspective on the Philosophy of Language (PL) and the Philosophy of Information (PI) and

highlights where the two fields overlap and interact. He indicates how the ‘information

turn’ of the 1990’s grew organically out of the ‘linguistic turn’ in philosophy. The author

treats the phenomenon of information as a new language with distinctive features akin to

syntax, person, tense, aspect, voice and mood. Specifically he examines Chomsky’s concept

of recursion and redundancy, Wittgenstein’s language as game, Saussure’s langue and

parole, Benveniste’s énonciation, informative illocutionary acts (Austin, Searle), the

semantic approaches of Dretske Floridi and Barwise, Grice’s implicature and Carl Friedrich

von Weizsacker’s ‘inevitable circle between language and information’. He briefly discusses

Terrence Deacon’s recent work in biological anthropology on language and information as it

relates to his concepts of deixis, reciprocal reference and incompletion. Secondly, the paper

indicates how the notion of ‘information’ is embedded in traditional grammar through

adpositions which empower language as a faculty for thought and communication. The

Subject/Object template of historical grammar imposed on all natural languages is reviewed

from the perspective of pragmatics. The notion of ‘information’ itself is traced back (by way

of Capurro’s informatio) to a configuration of ideas and concepts in classical Greek

philosophy, specifically those of Epicurus and Chrysippus – the founder of formal grammar.

Implications for the history and science of information are discussed. Finally, it proposes

future directions for this area of study to explore how our total experience of the sphere of

language and that of information are interconnected within a broader framework of mind. A

distinction between cognition and connaissance is made. The faculty of human language,

once the hallmark of humanism, is now under threat by the omnipresent Datocracy and its

champion, Homo Informaticus. The informed and informing citizen, Homo Informationis, as

defender of the information commons and infoversity, will need to ally with Herder’s Homo

Loquens if s/he is to survive. Information philosophers can provide a deeper understanding

of these intriguing twin phenomena necessary for our civilisation.

The significant breakthrough and innovation obtained by modern information science and technology enable the “information” gradually become the internal driving force of economy development and social progress, causing a great advance of the productivity of modern society, and the information technology quickly transform into the actual productivity-informational productivity. From the perspective of dual-evolution of material world and informational world presented by information philosophy, and through using the information thinking mode and treating the “information” as a way of existence, this article will discuss the evolution of informational productivity and its role for sustainable development society.

First, this article will summarize the development process of productivity theories, and will analyze the formation conditions and the evolution process of informational productivity; second, it will expound that the informational productivity is a brand-new productivity form that is different from material productivity and spiritual productivity; third, it will make a dialectical analysis on the systematic, static and dynamic characters, properties and the inherent operation laws of the elements in the structure of informational productivity. At last, this paper will advocate that the realization of informational productivity will depends on the actual conditions, including economy, politics and cultural environments and so on, and will conclude that developing the information productivity is an inevitable road to realize the sustainable development society.

 Abstract

This dissertation studies the problem of information selection of scientific and technical communication. In this thesis I analyze the characteristic, essence, element, structure, function, effect and obstruct in scientific and technical communication, discuss the process, mechanism, principle, method and the way of information selection. I also seek the value of achievements in scientific research and technological development, analyze its evaluation and transformation, explore the interaction between science-technology and society. I discuss the selective problem of scientific and technical education, scientific and technical popularization. In the process of globalization, there exists unbalanced information communication. At last, I discuss the relation between scientific-technical communication and international competition power. I put forward a proposal for building up an effective network of scientific and technical communication, which is very significant to the national innovation systems and social development. The main conclusions are: (1) scientific and technical communication is the bridge connecting science-technology and society. The communication process is a nonlinear dynamic system in which many elements interact. (2) In order for an effective application, it’s necessary that the communication be all-round based on the need and appropriate selection, not only the information and knowledge of science & technology, but also the scientific method, spirit, civilization be communicated. In the meantime, the social problems need to be taken care of. (3) All individuals, communication media, education and research institutions, corporations, as well as the entire country need to take some proper steps according to the situation for effective selections. (4) During the process of establishing the national innovation systems, carrying out the strategy of sustained development and rejuvenating China through science and education, we must enhance scientific & technical communication and pay special attention to information selection. Part 1: Analysis for the system of scientific and technological communication Scientific and technical communication is one of communication behaviors of human, which was born when human civilization developed to certain extent. As a component of science and technology, it is called “ blood circulation systems ” of science-technology and society, which are the lifelines of economy and society. In the middle of the 20th century, the information and biology revolution marked the revolution of the modern science and technology. Meanwhile, there have emerged a lot of new features in the scientific and technological communication. Scientific and technological communication is one form of information communication, whose activities include scientific and technological writing, publishing, news, education, popularization, translation, information exchange, consultation, library, exhibition, museums, data base, etc. Knowledge and information of science and technology, through time and space crossover diffusion, realizes knowledge sharing among different individuals, transforms private knowledge into society-sharing knowledge. Instead of a combination of various methods and channels, system of scientific and technical communication is a unified organism, whose elements consist of communicator, content, media and receiver. They are interrelated and interacted, forming a structure of layered classes and gradations. . The functions of scientific and technical communication include: (1) to stimulate knowledge transformation and development of science and technology; (2) to train science and technology professionals , enhance people’s qualification of science and technology ; (3) to accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, benefit the development of economy and society; (4) to strengthen international communication and cooperation, carry forward human civilization . It is hoped to get long-term, expected, and positive effects. We must pay special attention to the behaviors of stealing the name of science but actually doing non-science and even against- science. Also, we must look at the system of scientific and technological communication as a subsystem of the grand social system. There are obstacles in the communication process, so it becomes necessary to remove them, to get ride of useless information and to select effective information. Part 2: The mechanism of information selection The information is extremely rich in modern society. It assumes the tendency of “knowledge explosion” and “information sea”, which give rise to serious interference in the communication process, such as unnecessary, out-of-date, antiquated, false, rubbish and filthy information, virus information, etc. So we must select effective and beneficial information. The process of information selection includes information collecting, receiving, handling, treating, storing, retrieving, spreading, etc. It requires to differentiate, classify, analyze, compute, sort, code, label and organize the information to make them increment, so as to acquire maximum economic and social effect. People’s cognition, emotion and will, which relate to background of knowledge, interest, favor, habit and economic situation, etc., play an important role in the selecting process. The communicator and receiver follow different principles. Of that the communicator complies with the rules of being efficient, objective, systematic, directed, matching, standardized, safe, etc. while the receiver obeys the law of selection, which includes selectively receiving, selectively understanding, selectively memorizing and selectively practicing, selects the needed information using the minimum effort principle to. Besides usefulness, efficiency and effect, convenience, safety, being economical should also be considered. There are couple of ways of information selection, namely, independent selection and passive selection. There are also a lot of tools for information selection, e.g. newspaper, magazine, book, broadcast, television, data base, network, etc. Some institutes of information services provide services on science and technology, which makes the information service professional and industrialized. Part 3: The valuation and selection of the achievements of science and technology One of the most important objectives of scientific and technical communication is to communicate and spread the achievements of science and technology. Science and technology have value and use value, or theoretical value and practical value, e.g. objective value and implement value, as well as truth value, education value, culture value, etc. There are two kinds of valuations to science and technology, namely, the valuation from the scientific and technical community, and the valuation from the society. More precisely, valuation is shown in the publishing, differentiating, identifying, quoting, rewarding and encouraging, etc. The achievements of science and technology are communicated and spread through valuation and selection. As property right of knowledge about the achievements of science and technology gets protected, technological monopoly should also be avoided. The information about science and technology, reversely, affects the development of science & technology. So it is necessary to select properly contents, not only the information and knowledge of science & technology, but also the problems related to science - technology and society, in the communication process, and to face up with the challenge raised by post-modern science. In modern society, science & technology and production form an entirety. Scientific research has benefited technological improvement, which drives economic development. The transformation of the achievements in science and technology involves in the process of commercialization and industrialization. So it is necessary to establish a channel between science - technology and society through scientific and technological communication. Part 4: The scientific and technical education, popularization and public selection The scientific and technical education is a necessary condition to put the system of science & technology into permanent operation. It plays an important role in communicating the knowledge, method and spirit of science & technology, and in training professionals. We must carry on the quality, intelligence, innovation and lifelong education. We need to combine the scientific and technological education with humanism education, recognize the science & technology as a cultural process, pursue the unity of truthfulness, goodness and beauty. The scientific and technological popularization towards public, along with the mass media, is very important. It consists of news, publish, broadcast, television, data base, network, etc. The communication of science & technology to the public via the mass media requires a modified approach to the traditional presumptive models of communicative style. Conventional models of scientific and technical communication are based on implicit but unexamined assumptions that the most effective and important means of transmission of scientific and technical information are efforts aimed at the attentive segments of the population through specialized and detailed formats. Based on the theory of uses and gratification approach, we should select properly. People’s qualification of science & technology in our country is poor, so we must take actions to promote. Attempts to reach inattentive audiences with scientific and technological information are customarily unsuccessful or have been deemed unnecessary altogether. The proposed model submits that not only are endeavors to communicate scientific ideas to the disinterested populace of overriding importance but can be quite successful if production styles are altered to reflect more “interest-motivating” designs. A new thrust toward capturing the attention of disinterested audiences before attempting to directly disseminate scientific ideas is proposed. Part 5: The globalization and selection of scientific and technological information The flow of information makes the world become an “earth village”. The organic whole trend of the globe is clear. There exists serious unbalanced state on international information communication, so as to some “rich information countries” and some “poverty information countries” emerge. Scientific and technical information and knowledge occupy important places in the global communication, in which culture plays a role as “filter” and “catalyst”. There is a need to introduce some foreign scientific and technological books to our country. Based on our conditions, we should translate and introduce the reams of information technology, biology technology, energy technology, material technology, and synthetic, cross subjects, etc. Modern culture relates closely with science & technology and education. There are many kinds of selections as tradition and background differ. We should maintain vigilance to the “culture imperialism ” and avoid the “culture departmental selfishness”. Scientific and technological communication relates closely with international competition power. On the times of knowledge-economy, national innovation systems are extremely important. The national innovation systems circle relations of production, consist of knowledge innovation, technological innovation, institutional innovation, managerial innovation, it is a kind of wholly synthesized innovation. The system of knowledge communication contains not only educational institution, but also the mass communication media. They are the same important on communication with production of knowledge. The system of knowledge communication acts as a bridge connecting knowledge innovation and knowledge application, also, it is the key factor of knowledge innovation and technological innovation. Establishing an effective network of scientific and technical communication is significant to the construction of national innovation systems, and to the realization of the strategy about rejuvenating China by science and education, and the strategy of sustained development，which is the sole correct selection.

Key Words: Scientific and Technical communication; System;Information;Selection

Author: Lin Jian Ph.D Senior editor, Journal of Renming University of China, Researcher,National Academy of Development and Strategy,RUC Beijing 100872,China Tel. 0086-18600545655 e-mail: 2474523017@qq.com

Li Erqu is one of the three greatest Confucian at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. His epistemology and cultivation theory inherit and develop Zhang Zai who put people’s inside and outside together, and put forward one’s heart makes appropriate and fast response to the changing environment outside. Therefore, he thinks the real Confucian has to build his spirit inside and struggle to become a ruler in the real life at the same time. Based on the old version of Great Learning, Li Erqu thinks the core of this book is “Mingtishiyong”, the first step of learning is “Gewu”, and the guiding principle is “Huiguozixin”. Li Erqu’s mode of interpretation reflects he combines Neo - Confucianism with the Lu - Wang Xin Xue. To an extent, Li Erqu’s epistemology of the Great Learning tallies with some information construction theory in contemporary information philosophy.

Abstract: The definition follows the propositional logic, the definition of information is no exception. In recent years, the starting point of the research on the definition of information involves generally investigation of the history of the concept, interdisciplinary research and different aspects of cognition that includes ontology, epistemology, and linguistics and so on, the understanding about the definition of information is divergent. As long as it is about definition of information, regardless what kind of study, however, follows the propositional logic. So the true and false judgment about the definition of information is actually judgment on the proposition of the definition of information. This paper classifies various kinds of intension and definition of the information in the propositional structure by analysing the propositional structure of definition of information and various kinds of defined method about definition of information.
Keywords: Information; Definition; propositional logic
1. Introduction
1.1 Research Background and purpose of the work
In contemporary society, information research has formed a variety of paths and research paradigms. One of the most popular research paths at present in academia is the study of unified theory of information. Some scholars believe that it is necessary to form a unified theory of information and which is also feasible, although it can be obtained at different theoretical and practical levels.The investigation on the unified theory of information have the following aspects in summary: the unifying concept of information, the unifying definition of information, the unifying theory of information and the unifying research method of information.A variety of research institutions dedicated to the unity of information also emerge and rise: FIS (Foundations of Information Science), a workshop entitled Information Theory and Practice and the Unified Theory of Information (UTI) Research Group. [1]The research on the definition of information is one of the most important problems in the study of the UTI. Many supporters of the UTI provide the argument for the unified theory of information through the study of the unified information definition. Wolfgang Hofkirchner[2]and Søren Brier [3] are two of representative scholars.But there are scholars who believe that:“the lack of a commonly accepted definition of information is not as threatening as it may seem, as each study within the discipline may choose an own definition, as well as an own philosophical framework, when there are some alternatives to choose between. More important is the development of a common methodology of inquiry and some range of standard questions regarding the concept of information”.[4]
It can be seen that a unified definition of information is only a necessary condition of a unified theory of information rather than a sufficient condition. First, the study of UTI is not only the unifying definition of information, but also other aspects and levels. Second, it does not necessarily mean that we have a unified information theory even if we get a unified definition of information.

So this article is not to provide argument for a unified theory of information, but only to analyse the “definition of information itself ”according to the propositional logic, to analyse when we put forward a definition of information, What we (both scientists and philosophers) presuppose? What we predicate? And fundamentally, as one of the most fundamental problems in information research, what the diversity of research methods and content the definition of information explains ？And then classifies various kinds of intension and definition of the information in the propositional structure by analysing the propositional structure of definition of information and various kinds of defined method about definition of information.
1.2 Research Method：
When we (whether scientists or philosophers or interdisciplinary researchers) give the definition of information with propositional logic (In fact, we can only use the form of proposition or predication), we all expect and identify that the definition of the information that we give is true. In other words, for this definition we all have the truth appeal. However, by careful study we found that the truth value of this definition is actually not depend on our views. Namely, we have actually assumed the objectivity of the “intension and the extension ”of the concept of "information”, as well as the objectivity of our knowledge. The so-called objectivity refers to the independence of the fact to our judgment or opinion. Because if the definition of information is dependent on our views, then, we can give the truth value to our own predications or propositions. So, all the people who have defined information can be confident and take it for granted that the definition of information he was given is the most consistent with the meaning of the information, and his definition is really that one. But that is not the case.The reason why they think their definition is true is out of the consideration and attitude of pragmatism.
In the sense of propositional logic, we find through the above analysis that a definition of information, in fact, already contains three different aspects of information simultaneously.
The reason I have taken this analysis method is that ,On the one hand, follows the rules of the propositional logic itself, and on the other hand inspired by the analytical framework of Anton·Friedrich·Koch about the question of truth. [5]
2. Truth analysis of definition of information
In the first part I have briefly mentioned the propositional logic analysis of information definitions , next I will analyse the different defined methods of information that have already exist. Of course it is impossible to list all ,here I can only give some representative point of view.In contemporary society, the study of information definition generally has the following categories：
First, reveals the nature of information through investigation and analysis of the history of the concept of information.
Second, interdisciplinary research is to examine the different definitions of information in different disciplines (philosophy, natural sciences, social sciences, computer fields), and to seek a unified definition on this basis.
Finally, the different aspects and perspectives of information research: the ontological level of information inspection, epistemological level of information inspection, linguistic of information inspection, and phenomenological perspective of the study.
Study on history of concepts reveals the development and change of the intension of the concept of information, which to some extent is beneficial to our understanding of the concept of information, the study of various interdisciplinary paths as well as research on distinct levels of cognition constantly expand and promote the referent range and content of information, which is also helpful to us to forming a unified definition of information, and then forms a unified theory of information. But what is more important is that we should make clear that to what extent the definition itself and the content which we want to describe are consistent, that is, to what extent the proposition of "information is ..." in line with the facts.And the more this kind of inner unity is stronger, the deeper the degree of conformity, perhaps our knowledge of the information is even more in-depth and profound. Otherwise, either there is a great difference between the content of this definition and the fact that we want to use it to descript ,or the fact that we predicate is not actually "information itself“, but something else. This involves the legality and the validity of the use of information concepts.
In the part of the introduction we already know that any definition about information contains actually three different levels of information. Now we can briefly state:

first, proposition itself on the definition of information , presupposes the objectivity of the information.
Second, the true value of the definition predicates the objectivity of our knowledge about the information.
Third, the diversity of information definitions indicates the pragmatic appeals for information definition.

3. Conclusion
A variety of definition on information is actually different aspects of information.Through the propositional logic analysis of the information definition, in a large logic framework we can make these different aspects of information to be unified.
References
[1] Gordana Dodig Crnkovic, Wolfgang Hofkirchner. Floridi’s “Open Problems in Philosophy of Information”, Ten Years Later . Information 2011,2,331
[2]Wolfgang Hlofkirchner.How to achieve a unified theory of information.Triple7(2):357-368,2009
[3] Søren Brier .Finding an information concept suited for a universal theory of information .Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 119 (2015) 622-633
[4] marcin j .schroeder .Foundations for Science of Information: Reflection on the Method of Inquiry .TripleC9(2):377-384,2011
[5] Wahrheit, Zeit und Freiheit. Einführung in eine philosophische Theorie. Paderborn 2006 und Münster 22013
[6]Adriaans, P. (2013). Information. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2013(Fall)[7]José María Díaz Nafría,Francisco Salto Alemany.Introduction to the special issue “What is really information? An interdisciplinary approach” tripleC 7(2): i-vi, 2009

© 2017 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the 
terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

 This paper introduces the core ideas of the information ecological theory，analyzes the report recently released by British House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Committee named《Cyber Security: Protection of Personal Data Online》by information ecological theory framework including information man and information circumstance，elaborates the roles and ecological niches of the UK's Information Commissioner's Office, TalkTalk and its users, third-party partner agencies, and public safety agencies in the personal data protection ecosystem，summarizes it's experiences and practices in this theory frame；On this basis, the article analyzes the existing problems of online personal data protection ecosystems，such as ecological chain fragmentation and ecosystem imbalance；Then this work tries to find the possible cause of the problem，establishes personal data protection macro mechanism and proposes appropriate countermeasures.

In the first part, the three basic mechanisms, similar to the biological world, of the evolution of information system are described as the duplication, variation and selection (or elimination). Semantic information is presented by the way that I = I（P @S）,connecting a bit string, in this paper. Based on this definition，it will be able to more clearly describe the duplication of information in its evolution. Variations of information come from human communication needs, and other numerous social causes, leading to the landscape of a wide variety of variations. On selection (or elimination), it’s not only similar to the biological world, but also has its inherent characteristics, such as: "judging that the information is true or false", "verifying that information is validity or not “, this priority not only is very important, and getting more and more tough. However, the suitability and effectiveness of information play an extremely powerful role on selection (or eliminated). Based on WeChat, an huge APP platform, the article shows these characteristics.
In the second part，the changes about the evolution of information are presented. The first: the correspondence of semantic information with bit string had made a giant step, by Shannon, in information evolution. The second: every human individual is associated with a large collection of bit string, which is rapid expansion through human activity based on the fast development of IT technology, and has become a brand new resource for human. The third: information evolution with “big data" as the main characteristic has changed the traditional definition and paradigm on knowledge. By applying data directly to the social activities, "flat" mode, much more efficiency, has appeared in the human society. The fourth: the information world is an open complex system, and human society has been its major external environment that supplies promotion and energy to the information world .The fifth: human must remain calm in facing the new state with intelligent machines, to be symbiosis, coexistence, and development together with them，and to dealing right with bad and kind information

1.The Information Ecology and Its Significance

From the perspective of science, the introduction of information ecology is the expansion and application of the principles and methods of ecology in the information science researches.

From the perspective of real practice, the real problems that the information ecology encounters is the irrationality and injustice in the information survival, information processing, information transit and information sharing, including the information overload, information pollution, information harassment and information crime. It calls for the fairness as well as justice in theinformation occupation which provides the necessary requisite for the cognitive justice.

If Chinese researches on the information science generally lag behind western developed countries, the emergence of the information ecology in modern China which has been attached great importance to represents an advanced self-awareness. Information enables Chinese information science to rise to the similar standard of international information circle and it can realize the advanced development via taking the advantage of the Chinese market—the world’s largest information system and the fastest expanding information market, which would lead the world’s information technology and the future of the culture in a step-by-step manner.

2.Core Values of the Information Ecology

Cognitive justice is the necessary basis and the cognitive prerequisite for social justice and fairness. However the information justice serves as the prerequisite for the cognitive justice. Information Ecology promotes the information justice and cognitive justice through the focus and researches on the information ecology and it is endowed with unique core values.

On Information and Information Researches, Pro.Zhong Yixin depicts the process of information ecology: ontological information→epistemological information→ knowledge→intelligent strategies→intelligent behavior, which enlightens us a lot.

(1)Whether the external social and political cultural environment is rational and orderly, whether it is harmonious, and whether there exist external constraints which hinder the natural existence and healthy evolution in the information ecology etc.

(2)Whether in the certain information system the plural subjects,complex objects and the intermediary elements are sound,the organization healthy, the structurereasonable and the function comprehensive, etc.

(3)Whether in there certain information system the operation approach is reasonable and orderly, the operation process steady and safe, the operation monitoring timely and reliable and the operation function effective, etc.

(4)Whether in the specific information system the trend and direction incertain information system is reasonable and healthy, the transition method suits the logic and the how to better the structure for the future form in a more reasonable manner, etc.

3.Methodological Principles in Information Ecology

Methodology in information ecology is of great importance to the research and application of information ecology which should be attached great importance to.

Professor Zhong Yixin offers the logic chain and advocates the integration research of information society→information education→information philosophy→information science→information project→information management        →information economy→information society which is of great instructive significance.

We put forward several methodological principles of researches on information ecology from the perspective of cognitive justice in hope that we can direct the value orientation of the information ecology.

First, objectivity. The original properties, features and regularities are respected which correspond to principles and methods of the information ecology system to study problems of the research information ecology and enhance the publicity,scientificness and transparency of the information system.

Second, systematicity. Status of various kinds of information elements in the information ecological system should be respected and valued and meanwhile the systematic features and systematic functions of information ecology should be strengthened and therefore the integrity, coordination and organicity of the information ecological system can be enhanced.

Third, subjectivity. It is suggested that the dominant positions of different people in the ecological information system be respected and given the great attention, that people’s responsibility for the information ecology be implemented and that the purposiveness,value and orientation of the information ecology be further enhanced.

Fourth, the justice. It is suggested that power of different sectors be respected, interests of various parties be secured and the legitimacy, readability and efficiency of the interpretations on the information form be strengthened.

The author: Prof. Dr. OUYANG Kang, Ph.D., Director of the Institute of Philosophy, President of Institute of State Governance and Director of the Institute for Social Information Science, formal Vice President of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, P. R. China. Tel: +86-27-87793020(O); Fax: 87545438; Email: kouyang@mail.hust.edu.cn