The citral is a monoterpene composed of two isomers: neral and geranial. These molecules have several pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal. Therefore, this work analyzed the physicochemical differences of the citral isomers and a case study of their antifungal activity.

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We propose an algorithm to calculate the number of weak compositions, wherein each part is restricted to a different range of integers. This algorithm performs different orders of approximation up to the exact solution by using the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle. The great advantage of it with respect to the classical generating function technique is that the calculation is exponentially faster as the size of the numbers involved increases.

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Heterogeneous architecture is an underlining feature of 5G, however deployment and management of HetNets in 5G scenarios is yet to be explored. Given the need to satisfy overwhelming capacity demands in 5G, mm-wave spectrum (3-300 GHz) is expected to offer a very compelling long term solution by providing additional spectrum to 5G networks. Hence, the challenge is the integration of mm-wave in heterogeneous and dense networks as well as the backward compatibility and integration with legacy 4G/3G networks. Furthermore, Cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) contribution to 5G is considered as a cost effective and energy efficient solution for dense 5G deployment. From an energy point of view, cost and energy consumption are major considerations for 5G. C-RAN and energy efficiency techniques could help in performance improvements.

Although HetNets were introduced in 4G networks, their complexity has increased in 5G networks. In this paper, we will try to build a clear image of HetNets in 5G cellular networks. We consider different technologies with a special focus on mm-wave networks given its important role in 5G networks. We then address the available standards in HetNets that allow interworking and multihoming between different radio access technologies. Afterwards, we consider the virtualization of 5G HetNets and its benefits. Different resource allocation strategies in the literature are also presented for single-resource as well as for multi-resources. Finally, we give an overview of existing works addressing energy efficiency strategies in 5G networks.

*Content Disclaimer Note (Added by Committee): This communication is a preprint uploaded under author responsibility. The Congress committee, only do a preliminary inspection of topic suitability. The content of this preprint communication is responsibility of authors and do not express the opinion of the members of committee. The committee is not responsible from content veracity or originality. Using automatic text generation tools, like ChatGPT, is allowed only for AI software/script coding purposes or as a way to improve quality of redaction of the original text. We recommend using text similarity analysis tools but this an author's decision.

Background: Moroccans have used medicinal plants for centuries to treat various human and cattle health issues. However, there is a need for more research to document and share indigenous ethnopharmacological knowledge. In this study, we aimed to identify medicinal plants indigenous people in the Rif region used to treat cardiovascular problems and assess their ethnomedicinal abilities.

Methods: From 2016 to 2018, we conducted an ethnobotanical study in the Moroccan Rif area, surveying 520 traditional herbalists and consumers. We used quantitative ethnobotanical indicators such as family importance value (FIV), the relative frequency of citation (RFC), plant part value (PPV), fidelity level (FL), and informant consensus factor (ICF) to analyze the data.

Results: Our analysis revealed 33 plant species from 20 families, with Poaceae being the most dominant (7 species). Among the cardiovascular disorders treated, cardiac arrhythmias had the highest ICF (0.98). Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (PPV = 0.353), and decoction was the most common preparation method (31%).

Conclusions: Our study found evidence of indigenous ethnomedicinal knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat cardiovascular illnesses in the Moroccan Rif. We recommend further phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology research to discover new drugs from these documented medicinal plants.

*Content Disclaimer Note (Added by Committee): This communication is a preprint uploaded under author responsibility. Consequently, the content of this preprint communication is responsibility of authors and do not express the opinion of the members of committee. The congress committee only do a preliminary inspection of topic suitability. The committee is not responsible from content veracity or originality. Using automatic text generation tools, like ChatGPT, is allowed only for AI software/script coding purposes or as a way to improve quality of redaction of the original text. We recommend using text similarity analysis tools but this an author's decision.

The progressive spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is a public health problem, so
the search for new substances with antimicrobial properties has been growing over the years, especially
natural products. Triterpenes are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have several
pharmacological activities described. Studies involving the stereochemistry of drugs greatly contribute
to the choice of the isomer that is more active and that promotes fewer adverse effects for humans. The
α,β-amyrin isomers in their isolated form may have different or even similar pharmacological properties,
but with different intensities of activity due to the change in the position of the methyl groups that
influence bioactivity. From the studies previously carried out, it was seen that both have antibacterial
activity against S. aureus when they are separated or mixed, leading to the conclusion that there is no
need to separate these two, because the migration of the C-29 methyl does not influence in this type of
activity.

Tuberculosis is a disease that causes the most deaths in the world, it is estimated that in the last 200 years about 1 billion people died due to this infection, caused by pathogenic organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis Natural products can act as a viable alternative for development of new drugs, due to their rich molecular diversity. Because of that, the objective of the following work is to bring a critical discussion about the isomers of cis-communic, trans-communic acid and their mixture in the development of an antimicrobial potential against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative and
irreversible disease. In Alzheimer's disease, it is
possible to identify the presence of insoluble
amyloid β deposits in plaques in the brain.
Retinoic acid isomers are being studied as a new
alternative for Alzheimer's disease. In this work,
the isomers are analyzed: all-trans retinoic acid,
9-cis retinoic acid and 13-cis retinoic acid. They
may play an important role in AD by protecting
neurons from β-amyloid-induced cell death.

The covid-19 is an infectious disease of the repertory tract caused by beta coronavirus, a disease that was considered a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Currently several vaccines are available for the prevention of covid-19, however few drugs have been shown to be effective in combating the current coronavirus, with remdesivir being the only approved drug Food and Drug Administratio (FDA). The remdesivir has two diastereoisomers due to the presence of a chiral phosphorous atom in its molecule, and the diastereomer-(Sp) is used in the clinic.

HIV-human immunodeficiency virus is an infection caused by a virus that causes the progressive destruction of some white blood cells present in the blood, causing AIDS-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Calanolide A is a drug indicated for people with the AIDS-AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, in which it enables the inhibition of the HIV-protase of the virus in order to prevent the initial development of the virus until its maturation. Calanolide B is a compound present in C. cerasiferum, used as other agents in the therapy of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study, the main objective was the study of spatial dispositions and their effects and activities based on the position in which Calanolides A and B are presented in the context of stereochemistry.

In the etiology of pain of discogenic origin, attention is paid to the role of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Considering the potential role of BDNF in the etiology of pain during IVDD, this study aimed to assess changes in the number of BDNF-positive nerve fibers and levels of BDNF in the IVDD of the lumbosacral spine in comparison to IVDs of the control group (post mortem samples).

The study group comprised 113 patients with IVDD of the lumbosacral spine. The control group consisted of 81 people (post mortem samples). We performed hematoxylin-eosin staining to assess IVD structures (degeneration), and immunohistochemistry to determine the number of BDNF-positive nerve fibers.

In immunofluorescent staining, we used a primary rabbit anti-BDNF antibody (Novus Biologicals, Centennial, CO, USA; catalog number NB100-98682; dilution 1:200). H&E staining of IVDs obtained from the control group was carried out to assess whether features of IVD degeneration were present in the present samples, which allowed them to be classified as controls. On the other hand, degenerated IVDs show changes in the AP and NF structures and features of reduced IVD height. Based on the analysis, no statistically significant differences were found between the number of BDNF-positive fibers in the study and control groups. We did not find that the number of BDNF-positive nerves differed significantly according to the degree of perceived pain (p = 0.359; one-way ANOVA test). The lowest number of nerve fibers was found in the group of patients reporting a perceived pain level of 6, and the highest at a level of 10. The results indicate an increasing trend in both the number of nerve fibers and the concentration of BDNF with the progress of the degeneration process in IVDD, but only to a certain stage, at which it seems that the intercellular matrix still allows biochemical processes to take place.